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i'xISSICN   INN,    i<IV,'..-^oIDE,    CAL. 

The  Bells  and  Crosses  of   the 

Mission  Inn. 


AS. 


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Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/bellscrossesofmiOOmissiala 


The  Bells  and  Crosses 
of  the  Mission  Inn  and 
the  Ford  Paintings  of 
the  California  Missions 

Riverside,     California 


^/ttroductor}^ 


Before  entering  upon  the  pleasant  labor  of 
giving  a  detailed  description  of  this  largest 
and  most  valuable  collection  of  bells,  it  will 
be  interesting  to  jot  down  a  few  observations 
with  regard  to  the  subject  of  bells  in  general. 

The  whole  of  civilized  life  is  set  to  bell 
music  in  one  shape  or  another,  and  runs  the 
entire  gamut  from  the  monster  church  bell, 
weighing  many  tons,  down  to  the  jingling 
baubles  on  a  child's  rattle. 

Bells  have  for  centuries,  together  with  flags 
and  banners,  formed  the  most  coveted  spoils 
of  war.  They  were  not  used  in  the  Christian 
Church  until  about  the  seventh  century.  As 
early  as  the  eighth  century  bells  were  dedi- 
cated with  religious  ceremonies  very  similar 
to  those  used  in  baptism.  They  were  sprinkled 
with  holy  water;  exorcism  was  spoken  over 
ihem,  to  free  them  from  the  power  of  evil 
spirits;  a  name  was  given  them  (as  early  as 
the  tenth  century),  a  blessing  was  pronounced 
and  they  were  anointed.  Later,  their  ringing 
was  supposed  to  drive  away  evil  spirits,  pesti- 
lence, and  thunder-storms.  Being  thus  made 
objects  of  religious  faith  and  affection,  they 
were  ornamented  in  the  highest  style  of  the 
sculptor's  art  with  scenes  from  the  Bible  and 
other  religious  subjects. 

The  uses  of  bells  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  are  summed  up  in  the  following  dis- 
tich, often  inscribed  on  bells: 

"Laudo  Deum  varum;  plebem  voco;  congrego 

clerum ; 
Defunctos     ploro;      pestem     fugo;      festaque 

honoro." 

(I  praise  the  true  God;  I  call  the  people;  I 
assemble  the  clergy;  I  lament  the  dead;  I 
drive   away  infection;    I   honor   the   festivals.) 

^    ^    ^    ^ 


Bells  were  rung  in  churches  about  900  by 
order  of  Pope  John  IX  as  a  defense  against 
lightning. 

The  modern  word  "bell"  is  derived  from 
the  old  Saxon  word  "ballen,"  meaning  to  bawl 
or  bellow. 

England   is   called  the   ringing  island. 

Belgium  is  called   the  classic  land   of  bells. 

The  chimes  of  Bruges  are  the  finest  in  the 
world. 


Each  bell  in  the  Mission  Inn  Collection  -j 
numbered  so  as  to  correspond  with  the  fol- 
lowing numbered  descriptions: 

1.  Brass  bell,  brought  from  Rome  by  AUis 
Miller.  Belonged  to  the  Medici  family  about 
1450.  In  relief  work  are  seen  St.  Anthony, 
fleur-de-lis  coat  of  arms,  and  prancing  horses. 
Called  "St.  Anthony  Bell."  Notice  partic- 
ularly the  escutcheon  with  its  six  golden 
balls.  These  are  the  well-known  arms  of  the 
Medici  family  (from  whence  came  their  war- 
cry  "Palle."  These  balls  were  popularly,  but 
without  reason,  believed  to  represent  pills, 
and  it  was  also  thought  that  their  name 
"Medici"  showed  that  they  had  been  orig- 
inally apothecaries.  In  1465  Louis  XI  of 
France  honored  the  Medici  family  by  con- 
ferring on  them  the  right  to  wear  the  French 
fleur-de-lis  on  one  of  the  balls,  the  upper  one. 
(The  Medici  family  flourished  in  Florence 
1400-1737.) 

2.  Modern  bronze  cow-bell  from  Chamonix 
with  maker's  name  and  figure  of  chamois. 

"Sweet     bells     jangled,     out     of     time     and 
harsh." 

^    ^    ^    ^ 

3.  Bronze  harness  bell  from  Rome.  Leather 
handle  and  clapper  of  lead. 

4.  Square  nickel  harness  bell  from  Rome. 

5.  Little  harness  bell  with  silver  chain, 
from"  Jewish  market,  Rome. 

6.  Nickel,  harness  jingle-bells  from  Naples. 

7.  Bronze  sanctus  bell  from  old  convent 
in   Mexico. 

8.  Old  school  bell  from  Mexico.  Received 
from  Fred  Harvey,  Grand  Canyon. 

9.  "Mission  Bell"  of  iron. 


10.  Copper   "Mission"   bell. 

11.  Bronze  "Mission"  bell,  with  rosary  and 
cross. 

12.  Bronze  "Mission"  bell  with  Latin  cross. 

13.  Bronze  sanctus  bell  from  abandoned 
church  in  Mexico,  built  350  years  ago.  Heavy 
wooden  stock  painted  in  the  national  colors 
of  Mexico.  Modern  brass  clapper.  Gift  of 
E.  R.  Skelley. 

14.  Brass  ship's  bell  from  San  Francisco 
fire. 

15.  Ship's  bell  of  brass,  from  San  Francisco 
fire  of  1906.     Heavy  brazen  clapper. 

16.  Brass  Chinese  bell,  from  San  Fran- 
cisco  fire  of  1906.     From   H.   Hardenberg. 

17.  Small  Chinese  altar  bell,  with  clapper 
of  tin.     (On  pass-key  of  F.  A.  M.) 

18.  Sheep  bell  from  the  high  Sierras  about 
Lake  Tahoe.     Gift  of  Duane  Bliss. 

19.  Miniature   of   "Liberty   Bell." 

20.  Very  ancient  Japanese  bronze  bell. 
Gift  of  W.  Stone. 

21.  Bronze  landlord's  bell  of  graceful  lines 
and  with  artistic  floreated  relief  work,  from 
Hamburg.  Date  1783.  Inscription  reads. 
Caal  Zum  Stehenden  Lowen.  "Caal,  at  the 
Standing  Lions."  The  signboard  of  the  old 
tavern  was  probably  decorated  with  a  pair  of 
lions  rampant. 


22.  Brass  dinner-bell  from  Berlin. 

23.  Brass  bell  from  Nuremberg.  Orig 
inally  an  altar  bell,  but  later  used  as  a  sheep 
bell.  Crucifix  and  flaming  heart  and  crown 
with  lion  as  escutcheon. 

24.  "Iron  Maiden  of  Nuremberg."  A  min- 
iature fac-simile  of  the  famous  instrument  of 
torture  in  the  Bourg. 

25.  Sterling  silver  Bride's  bell  from  Nur- 
emberg. A  figure  of  a  woman  in  bridal  array, 
with  full  skirts.  Her  arms  are  upraised  and 
in  her  hands  she  holds  a  small,  acorn-shaped 


cup.  At  the  wedding  ceremony  the  two  cups 
are  filled  with  wine.  The  groom  drinks  from 
the  larger  one  and  at  the  same  time  the  bride 
sips  from  the  smaller  one.  If  no  drop  of 
wine  is  spilled,  much  wedded  bliss  awaits  the 
pair. 

<^     '!4     '^     '^ 

"1  hear  the  sound  of  wedding  bells." 

^    ^    ^    ^ 

26.  Smooth  brass  bell  with  brass  handle. 
Sausage  call-bell  from  the  Bratwurst  Glocken, 
Nuremberg.     Mentioned   as   early  as    1519. 

"That    all-softening,    overpowering    knell, 
The  tocsin  of  the  Soul — the  dinner  bell." 

^    (tf    («    ^ 

27.  Sanctus  bell  of  brass  frorn  the  church 
of  Santa  Maria  degli  Angeli  at  Portiuncula. 
This  church  is  built  on  the  site  and  over  the 
hut  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  the  gentle-hearted 
founder  of  the  Franciscans,  and  the  patron 
saint  of  the  Mission  Inn.  Presented  to  Mr. 
Miller  personally  by  the  priest  of  that  fa- 
mous church. 

28.  Old  brass  bell  from  Assisi,  Italy,  bear- 
ing the   insignia   of   the   famous   Medici   fam 
ily.     Sixteenth  century. 

<i«     <4     <;«     <« 

"Ring,  happy  bells,  across  the  snow, 
the  year  is  dying,  let  him  go." 

<«<«<«    <i« 

29.  Italian  bronze  bell  of  fifteenth  century. 
Floreated  ornamentation  in  relief. 

30.  Sweet-toned  brass  bell  of  the  sixteenth 
century  from  Milan.  Floreated  ornamentation 
in  relief. 

31.  Brass  bell  from  Rome.  Angels  and 
Madonnas  in  relief.  On  either  side  are  the 
initials  "F.  C."     Sixteenth  century. 

32.  Brass  bell  of  Florentine  design  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  Floreated  decorations 
in  relief. 

33.  Old  bronze  bell  from  Rome  of  six- 
teenth century.     Very  sweet  and  sonorous. 

34.  A  brass  cow-bell  from  Rome.  Curi- 
ously ornamented  metal  band  around  the 
mouth.  On  one  side  is  the  inscription 
"PAULUS  III  PONT.  OPT.  MAX,"  and  on 
the  other  is  the  papal  insignia  and  a  shield 
charged  with  fleur-de-lis,  and  surmounted  by 
a  cherub's  head.  The  inscription,  Englished, 
means:  Paul  Third  most  Holy  Supreme  Pon- 
tiff." So  we  have  here  a  cow-bell  that  be- 
longed to  Pope  Paul  the  Third.  He  was 
born    as    Alessandro     Farnese,     February    24, 


1468,  and  died  November  10.  1549.  Was  Pope 
1534-1549.  He  excommunicated  Henry  VIII 
of  England  in  1535,  approved  the  Order  of 
the  Jesuits  in  1540,  and  convoked  the  Council 
of  Trent   in    1545. 


Martin  Luther  died  February  18,  1546. 

Note  how  the  old  clapper  of  solid  iron  is 
deeply  worn  on  either  side.  At  the  voice  of 
this  old  bell  stirring  scenes  from  the  Past 
rije  before  us. 

"And   roofs   of  tile,   beneath   whose   eaves 
Hang  porcelain  bells  that  all  the  time 
Ring  with  a  soft,  melodious  chime." 

^    '^     <^    ^ 


35.  Beautifully  ornamented  bronze  bell 
from  Monserrat.  Floreated  shoulders  and  bar- 
rel of  very  artistic  design.  Panel  work  on 
lower  half  containing  ten  exquisite  medallions 
of  the  Host,  St.  Francis,  the  Saviour,  St. 
Roque,  St.  Joseph,  St.  Anthony,  St.  Sylvester, 
the  Crucifixion,  nails  of  the  Cross,  etc.  Date, 
1704.  Double  inscription,  the  upper  one 
being: 

"Dedicated  to  the  honor  of  God,  and  of 
thi  Virgin  Mary  and  of  All  Saints." 

The  lower  inscription  is  as  follows: 

"Salvador  and  Francis  Anthony  of  Monser- 
rat, donors.  Dedicated  to  S.  S.  Slyvester  and 
Cajetan." 

Monserrat,  near  Barcelona,  has  been  fa- 
mous for  many  centuries  on  account  of  its 
image  of  the  Virgin,  said  to  have  been 
carved  by  St.  Luke  and  brought  to  Barcelona 
by  St.  Peter  in  the  year  50  A.  D.  The  fam- 
ous monastery  was  founded  there  in  880.  The 
shrine  of  the  miracle  working  Virgin  there 
is  visited  annually  by  100,000  pilgrims.  The 
image  was  crowned  by  Leo  XIII  in  1881.  It 
was  in  1521  that  Ignatius  Loyola,  founder  of 
the  Jesuits,  laid  his  sword  upon  her  altar,  and 
placed   himself  under   her   protection. 


"Oh,  bring  us  back  once  more 
The  vanished  days  of  yore, 
When    the   world    with    faith    was    filled; 
Bring  back  the  fervid  zeal. 
The  hearts  of  fire  and   steel. 
The  hands  that  believe  and  build." 

^     ^    <^     ^ 

36.  Brass  bell  with  the  inscriotion  in  raised 
letters:  "Tacque  Payraud  Assalanche,"  which 
is  the  name  of  the  owner  and  of  the  canton 
in  Switzerland  in  which  he  lived.  The  only 
bell  of  this  kind  to  be  found  in  the  Swiss, 
French  or  Italian  Alps.  Its  owner  was  sure 
that  for  more  than  a  century  no  such  bell^ 
had  been  made  bearing  the  names  of  pri- 
vate individuals.  It  is  a  goat  bell  from 
Chamonix  with  most  beautiful  tone. 


37. 
38. 
39. 

40. 

of  Mt 

41. 
42. 


New  brass  Alpine  cow-bell. 

Old  iron  cow-bell  from  Interlaken. 

Old  cow-bell  from  Lucerne. 

Brass  goat-bell  from  Chamonix  at  foot 
,   Blanc. 


Old  type  sheep-bell  from  Zermatt. 

Old  type  of  sheep-bell  from  Zermatt. 

43.  Brass  cow-buckle  from  Chamonix,  with 
annular  decorations. 

43.     Brass  cow-buckle  from  Chamonix,  with 

cpen-work  decoration. 

45.  Old  Swiss  copper  convent  cow-bell  for 
the  "bell-cow."  Long  iron  clapper  and 
leather  strap  eight  inches  wide  with  the  con- 
vent's initials  in  brass  letters  on  the  strap.  A 
very  rare  and  fine  old  piece, 

^   <;«   V    (« 

"Oh,    Jennie,    go    and    call    the   cattle    home 
Across   the   sands   o'   Dee." 

(«    V    <«    ^ 

46.  Beautiful  bronze  bell  from  Lucerne, 
Switzerland.  The  ears  are  decorated  with 
lions'  heads;  they  also  form  a  Spanish  crown. 
Date  1673.  Inscription:  Hans  Jacob  Sprungli: 
Gus.  Mich.     (Hans  Jacob  Sprungli  made  me.) 

V    ^    <«    V 

"Those  evening  bells,  those  evening  bells, 
How  many  a  tale  their  music   tells'*! 


47.  Call-bell  from  an  old  school  near  Co- 
logne Cathedral.  Date  1814.  Three  small  fig- 
ures. 

48.  Decorated  iron  "Apostles'  Bell"  from 
Brussels.  A  reproduction  of  the  St.  Salvator 
bell  in  Cathedral  tower  of  St.  Michel  and 
St.  Gudule;  names  of  the  four  evangelists  in 
Latin  with  their  respective  attributes:  a  man, 
an  ox,  a  lion  and  an  eagle. 

49.  Bright  brass  tea  bell,  with  scalloped 
edges  and  short,  pointed  stem  handle.  From 
London. 

50.  Brass  bell  from  the  East  Indies  with 
Hindu  filigree  work.     Hindu  god  on  handle. 

51.  Brass  Hindu  god  bell.  Ornamented 
clapper.  Reverse  bell-shaped  top,  with  Hindu 
god  holding  sacrifice. 

52.  A  fac-simile  of  the  famous  "Big  Ben" 
of  London,  largest  clock  tower  bell  in  the 
world.  The  original  "Big  Ben,"  of  which 
this  is  an  exact  copy,  hangs  in  the  clock  tower 
of  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament.  Its  weight 
near  14  tons;  slightly  cracked.  Read  the  in- 
teresting inscription.  Made  to  order  specially 
for  Mr.  Miller  by  the  firm  that  made  the 
original  "Big  Ben." 

53.  Manchurian  gong,  made  of  various 
kinds  of  metals,  which  were  donated  by  many 
different  worshipers  at  the  temple.  Near  the 
top  are  four  panels  with  rows  of  little  knobs 
to  typify  the  "sacred  snails"  of  Buddha  (see 
No.  197).  The  royal  dragons  are  symbols  of 
power.  The  ears  of  the  gong  are  formed  of 
gods'  heads. 


This  gong  was  donated  to  the  Buddhist 
Temple  of  Shorn  Fook  Ghee  by  the  worship- 
ers there  nearly  two  hundred  years  ago. 

^     ^     ^     ^ 

"Wanwordy,  crazy,  dinsome  thing, 
As  e'er  was  framed  to  jow  or  ring! 
What  gar'd  them  sic  in  steeple  hing. 
They  ken  themsel; 
But  weel  wot  I,  they  couldna  bring 
Waur  sounds  frae  hell." 


10 


54.  Oldest  known  dated  bell  in  Christen- 
dom! and  the  most  interesting  bell  in  the 
United  States.  Procured  by  Mr.  Miller  in 
London,  at  the  shop  of  the  bell  founders 
who  cast  "Big  Ben."  The  inscriptions  on 
this  bell  are  in  Latin  as  folows: 

lacobi:  I.  H.  S.  X.  P.  S.  Maria.  Qintana: 
Et:  salautor:  Me:  Feceru:  Ao.  Di.  1247. 

"James,  Jesus  Christ,  Mary:  Quintana  and 
Salvador  made  me  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
1247."  The  James  mentioned  is  St.  James, 
or  Santiago  of  Compostella,  the  patron  saint 
of  Spain.  It  is  very  probable  that  this  was 
the  "Santa  Maria  bell"  in  the  campanile  of 
the  "parroquia"  or  parish  church  at  San- 
tiago. St.  James,  according  to  the  legends, 
often  appeared  in  the  sky,  mounted  on  a  milk- 
white  steed,  and  gained  the  victory  for  the 
Spaniards  in  their  bloody  battles  with  the 
Moors.  Today,  although  Santiago  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  less  than  25,000,  it  has  45  eccles- 
iastical edifices  with  288  altars  and  114  bells, 
and  is  visited  annually  by  scores  of  thousands 
of  pilgrims. 

When  this  bell  was  cast  in  1247,  St.  Louis 
(Louis  IX  of  France)  was  making  ready  for 
the  sixth  crusade,  1248-1250;  the  Magna 
Charta  of  England  had  been  granted  by  King 
John  just  thirty-two  years  before;  the  Fran- 
ciscan Order  had  been  founded  by  St.  Francis 
but  thirty-seven  years;  America  was  un- 
dreamed of  and  Columbus  would  not  be  born 
until  two  hundred  years  later! 

Surely  this  old  bell,  although  cracked  and 
clapperless,  still  has  power  to  call  up  strange 
scenes  and  forgotten  deeds  from  the  van- 
ished past. 

^    ^    ^    ^ 

55.  Brass  Chinese  pagoda  bell,  ornamented 
with  double  god's  head.  From  Warwick, 
England. 

56.  Brass  bell  from  Oxford,  England.  Dec- 
orated with  four  eagles  in  relief.  This  is  a 
Russian  "drosky"  bell  with  an  inscription  in 
Russian  about  the  sound  bow:  "Drive  with 
him;  don't  be  stingy;  smoke;  be  merry." 
About  250  years  old. 


11 


57.  Sheep-bell  purchased  at  Stratford-on- 
Avon.  Originally  from  an  old  monastery  at 
Mickleton.     One  hundred  years  old. 

58.  Miniature  of  Liberty  Bell  at  Philadel- 
phia, with  inscription,  crack,  etc. 

59.  Car  bell  from  St.  Gall.  Brass,  upright 
on  hand-brake.  This  form  of  bell  is  still  used 
in  some  towns  of  Sweden  and   Switzerland. 

60.  Cow-bell  from  the  only  official,  duly- 
accredited,  pioneer,  Pilgrim  cow  which  came 
over  in  the  relic-laden  Mayflower.  Gift  oi 
Mr.  George  Thompson,  of  the  "trenchant 
pen,"  etc.,  of  the  St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press.  Mr. 
Thompson  vouches  for  the  authenticity  of  the 
bell. 

61.  Chinese  pagoda  bell.  Brass,  rattle 
shape.      Gift   of   DeWitt   Hutchings. 

(When  in  doubt  as  to  the  location  or  num- 
ber of  a  bell,  ask  for  the  Curator,  who  will 
be  happy  to  assist  you.) 

^    <«    V    (« 

"These  bells  have  been   anointed, 
And  baptized  with  holy  water." 

<«    '^    («    «« 

62.  Pecos  Indian  Chapel  Sanctus  bell  of 
copper.  Wooden  handle  on  iron  shaft.  Found 
in  ruins  of  an  old  church  abandoned  in  1680. 
Gift  of  John  Farrell. 

^    ^    ^     f4 

63.  A  royal  Chinese  dragon  bell  of  anti- 
mony. 

<!4    <^    '^    ^ 

"How     sweet     the     tuneful     bells     responsive 
peal." 

<4     V    ^    <« 

64.  Hindu  shrine  bell,  beautifully  done  in 
bronze.     Very  graceful  lines  throughout. 

65.  Japanese  bronze  altar  bell.  Inscrip- 
tion in  Japanese. 

66.  Japanese  temple  bell.  A  brass  rattle 
with  brass  handle.  Formerly  used  in  one  of 
the  California  Missions.  Very  old.  Gift  of 
Mr.  Lee  Powers. 

67.  Tahoe  Indian  basket  willow  and  fern 
bell  made  by  Indians  of  Lake  Tahoe.  Gift 
of  Fred  Barlow. 

68.  Tahoe  Indian  basket.     Willow  and  fern. 

69.  First  mule  car  bell  used  in  Riverside 
in  the  year  1886. 

70.  Gong  from  the  first  electric  car  in 
Riverside.     April   11,   1889. 

71.  Bronze  bell,  dated  1792.  Graceful  lines 
Ornamental  relief  work  about  the  top.     Hand 


12 


pointing  to  the  date.  Cross  in  relief  with 
flowering  vine  and  four  pretty  cherubs'  heads. 
Badly  cracked.  Of  historic  interest,  as  this 
bell  hung  for  many  years  in  the  cathedral  at 
New  Orleans,  but  later,  by  some  strange  fate, 
was  used  on  the  jail  in  that  city.  Personally 
secured  by  Mr.  Miller  from  the  collection 
of  Colonel  Hawkins. 


72.  Ancient  gong  bell  from  a  Japanese  pa- 
goda at  Kyoto.  Has  four  raised  panels,  each 
containing  nine  ornamental  buttons,  "sacred 
snails"  of  Buddha.  The  ears  are  formed  by 
grotesque  double  gods'  heads.  Chrysanthe- 
mums and  artistic  bands  in  relief  decorate 
the  lower  part. 

IZ.  Church  bell  from  San  Francisco  fire 
of  1906.     Remarkably  sweet  tone. 

74.  This  triangle  was  used  in  the  early 
days  of  the  Glenwood  Tavern  to  call  the 
guests  to  their  meals,  and  was  hung  near  the 
dining-room  door.  It  is  made  from  an  old 
steel  drill  which  was  used  by  Mr.  Miller's 
father  forty  years  ago  when  blasting  rocks 
for  the  first  irrigating  ditch  in  Riverside. 

75.  First  locomotive  bell  heard  in  River- 
side. Belonged  to  the  Santa  Fe's  first  engine 
ni  California.  Shipped  around  the  Horn  in 
1885.     Presented  to  Mr.  Miller. 

76.  Sweet-toned  chapel  bell  from  Mexico. 
About  one  hundred  years  old. 

"How  sweet  the  music  of  those  village  bells. 
Falling  at  intervals   upon   the   ear 
In  cadence  sweet." 

^    ^    ^     ^ 

77.  Hand-forged  bell  from  Old  Mexico. 
Pierced  clapper  for  cord.  Two  hundred  and 
fifty  years  old.  From  an  old  convent.  Gift 
of  F.  S.  Borton. 

79.  The  lower  of  the  big  bells  in  the  Cam- 
panile. An  old  church  bell,  from  San  Fran- 
cisco, with  massive  yoke. 

80.  The  large  bell  in  the  ton  arch  of  the 
Glenwood  Campanile. 


13 


81.  Copper  cow-bell  with  rudely  forged 
date  1743  in  relief.  On  the  other  side  the 
Latin  letters  I.  H.  S.  "lesus  Hominum  Sal- 
vator."  Jesus  the  Saviour  of  Men.  Old,  cu- 
rious iron  clapper.  Gift  of  Mr.  Aaron  Neu- 
mann. 

(«    <«    <4    V 

"I  call  the  Living — I  mourn  the  Dead — 1 
break  the  Lightning."  Inscribed  on  the  Great 
Bell  of  the  minster  of  Schaffhauser — also  on 
that  of  the  Church  of  Art,  near  Lucerne. 

82.  Brass  ship's  bell  with  iron  yoke.  This 
bell  was  taken  from  one  of  the  transports 
which  was  sent  out  from  Boston  in  1755  to 
convey  seven  thousand  Acadians  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  Maryland,  Virginia,  the  Carolinas, 
etc.  These  were  "Evangeline's"  people.  This 
bell  lay  at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  with  the 
wrecked  vessel  for  nearly  a  century.  It 
plainly  shows  the  action  of  long  submergence 
in  sea-water.     Gift  of  Mr.  Sid   Pelton. 

Sweet,  sad  story  of  "Evangeline"  and  "Gab- 
riel" that  comes  before  us! 

^    ^    ^     ^ 

"With  deep  affection 
And   recollection 
I  often  think  of 
Those  Shandon  bells. 
Whose   sounds   so   wild   would 
In  the  days  of  childhood 
Piling  round  my  cradle 
Their   magic   spells." 

(i«    <«    <4    <« 


83.  Bronze,  Japanese  pagoda  bell.  The 
characters  in  relief  mean,  "Wisdom  is  better 
than  wealth."  Brought  from  Kyoto  by  Mrs. 
"Bob"  Burdette,  the  donor. 

84.  Hindu  temple  bell,  with  filigree  work. 
An  ugly,  double  monkey-god  on  the  handle. 
Gift  of  Albert  Mjller. 


14 


85.  Brass  bell  from  Haarlem,  Holland. 
Date  1370.  Inscription:  "Jacobes  Serkeheft 
Mychegoten."  Figures  on  horseback  and  in 
medallions  and  in  bold  relief.  Top  of  bell  is 
an  old  man's  head.     From  Mrs.  Richardson. 

86.  Bronze  temple  gong  from  Tientsin, 
China,  said  to  be  over  1800  years  old.  Rec- 
tangular panels  in  relief.  A  pair  of  dragons 
form  the  ears.     Gift  of  Ernest  Moulton. 

^    V    («    <4 

Die  Glocken  sind  die  Artillerie  des  Geist- 
lichkeit  (Bells  are  the  artillery  of  the  Priest- 
hood). 

87.  Triple  brass  bells  enclosed  in  bronze 
shell.  For  use  during  the  tersanctus  period 
of  the  mass  at  the  high  altar.  The  three 
bells  forming  one  bell,  are  emblematic  of  the 
Trinity.  From  Strassburg.  Early  seven- 
teenth century. 

88.  Large,  round  bronze  carriage  bell  with 
bullfrog  mouth.  Ornamental  flowers  in  re- 
lief; has  size  number  10.  From  the  historic 
and  interesting  Abbey  town  and  island  of 
Mont  St.  Michel  on  the  French  coast  of 
Normandy. 

89.  Porcelain  bell  of  St.  Pol  de  Leon  from 
Brittainy,  France.  Fish-shaped  and  decorated 
with  picture  of  St.  Pol  in  espiscopal  robes 
with  pastoral  staff  on  one  side  and  on  the 
other  with  the  escutcheon  of  St.  Pol  bearing 
the  words  A  ma  vie  (to  my  life).  The  inter- 
esting legend  tells  us  that  "  in  the  sixth  cen- 
tury St.  Pol  came  from  Great  Britain  to  the 
Isle  of  Batz,  off  the  coast  of  Brittainy,  and 
was  kindly  received  by  Count  Guythurus.  He 
said  King  Marc  had  refused  to  deliver  him  a 
bell,  which  he  needed  to  call  his  follow- 
ers. At  that  moment  a  fisherman  came  up 
with  it.  It  had  been  found  in  the  mouth  of 
a  fish  just  caught,  at  St.  Pol,  which  had 
swam  across  the  channel." 

The  original  bell  is  at  St.  Pol's  Cathedral, 
where  its  sound  (it  is  said)  has  cured  many 
sick  people,  and  even  called  to  life  one  that 
was  dead. 

90.  Swedish  bronze  market-place  bell, 
gracefully  ornamented  with  bands  and  Ian 
ceolate  and  arabesque  designs  in  relief.  In- 
scription in  Latin:  Petit  et  Fritsen  me  Fuder- 
unt  (Petit  and  Fritsen  cast  me).  The  rec- 
tangular orifice  in  the  ears  is  not  common. 
From  middle  of  eighteenth  century. 

"The  'bell  of  Huesca,'  Spain,  refers  to  a 
massacre  there  in  1136.  King  Ramiro  11 
showed  his  turbulent  nobles  'a  bell  that  could 
be   heard  throughout   the   whole   country';   in 


15 


other  words,  he  beheaded  sixteen  of  the 
leaders  and  arranged  their  heads  in  the  form 
of  a  bell,  with  one  hung  up  as  the  clapper." 

<4     <«     <4     <4 

91.  Small  bronze  hand  bell  with  handle  of 
oak  wood..  Inscription  reads,  "A  relic  of 
York  Minster."  On  the  other  side,  "Oak 
and  bell  metal.  Burnt  May  20,  1840."  Also  \ 
shield  with  espiscopal  keys  and  cororret  of 
Duke  of  York.  Made  from  metal  of  the 
broken  cathedral  bells  recast. 

92.  Church  bell  dated  1770  with  orna- 
mental bands  in  relief.  Hung  for  many  years 
in  one  of  the  old  castles  of  Scotland.  Cast 
in   London. 

93.  Bronze  chapel  bell  from  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Amant  di  Boixe,  in  the  Tourraine,  France. 
From  a  quaint  old  church  there.  Ornamented 
with  two  crosses  fleury  and  two  abbotts  in 
relief  work.  Cracked.  Early  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. 

94.  Beautiful  bronze  sanctus  bell  from  Ca- 
thedral of  St.  Peter,  Angouleme,  France. 
Cross-shaped  handle.  Richly  ornamented 
with  saints,  crosses,  papal  insignia,  etc.  Han- 
dle springs  from  crown-shaped  ears  orna- 
mented with  crosses  and  hearts.  Inscription 
dbout  lower  margin  and  date  1651. 

95.  Circular  cow-bell  from  town  of  Albi 
in  Southern  France.  Maker's  name  "Gri- ' 
maud,"  as  also  the  word  "Albi"  in  raised  let- 
ters.    Cracked.     One  hundred  years  old. 

96.  Bronze  goat-bell  of  graceful  design. 
Bears  the  maker's  name,  "Oriadou  Arod'es." 
About  one  hundred  years  old.  From  the 
fertile  and  picturesque  valley  of  the  Loire 
nea-  the  famous  chateaux  of  Blois. 

•^     ^    ^     ^ 

"The  bells  and  chimes   of  motherland. 
Of  England  green  and  old. 
That  out  from  gray  and  ivied  tower 
A  thousand  years  have  tolled." 

^    ^    ^     ^ 

97.  Very  sweet-toned  Turkish  chime  bells 
for  a  cow  or  horse.  Consists  of  bronze  bell 
of  graceful  design  with  two  smaller  bells 
within.  Old  decorations  in  relief.  From  Con- 
stantinople.    Date  about  1750. 

98.  Syrian  goat-bell  chime  of  bronze.  One 
bell  within  the  other.  From  Damascus.  Per- 
iod, the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

99.  Cup-shaped  Mohammedan  pilgrim's 
bell  from  Mecca,  Arabia,  the  sacred  city  of 
Mahomet.  Made  of  iron.  Attached  to  the 
chain  are  some  sacred  amulets.  The  ringing 
of  the  bell  frightened  away  the  evil  spirits. 
About  one  hundred  years  old. 

100.  Spanish  muleteers'  bell-tower  of  wood 
the   form    of   a   hollow   cone.      Pierced    for 


16 


three  rows  of  bells  of  five  each.  The  whole 
painted  in  red,  green  and  yellow,  the  Spanish 
colors.  Fastened  upright  on  the  back  of  the 
"lead  mule"  of  a  string  of  mules  in  the  Pj''- 
renees.  To  prevent  the  mules  from  taking 
alarm  at  any  noises  of  animals,  birds  or 
snakes,  etc.,  and  "stampeding"  down  the  trail. 
Present  day. 

101.  Bronze,  alarm  bell  for  spring  coil  for 
inner  gate  of  courtyard.  Bears  the  name  of 
"Rolland,"  the  maker,  and  "Arivel,"  the  town 
where  it  was  cast.  Ornamented  with  face 
surrounded  by  scroll  work  in  relief.  From 
Toulouse,  France.     Eighteenth  centurj^. 

102.  Altar  bell  with  iron  handle,  and  an 
inscription  in  Latin  meaning  "Blessed  be  the 
name  of  the  Lord."  Ornamentation  consist- 
ing oi  mysteries  of  the  Virgin,  cherubs  dis- 
playing St.  Veronica's  napkin,  etc.  From  the 
Cathedral  of  Burgos,  Spain.  Sixteenth  cen- 
tury. 

From  1550  to  1750  was  the  golden  age  of 
church  bells.  The  decorations  most  often  oc- 
curring on  church  bells  are  the  cross  and 
fleur-de-lis,  accompanied  by  a  motto. 

^    <«    <«    <;« 

103.  Ox  bell  from  ValladoHd,  Spain.  Cru- 
ciform, floreated  design  in  relief.  Date  about 
1780.  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  married  at  Val- 
ladoHd in  1469. 

104.  Spanish  mule  collar  of  jingle  bells 
from  Seville.  About  fifty  years  old.  Style 
of  present  day.  Spanish  mules  have  long 
been  famous,  and  in  the  mountain  regions 
are  preferred  to  horses. 

105.  Alarm  bell  with  spring  coil,  for  patio 
entrance.  Inscription  in  Latin  reads  "John 
of  Fin  made  me  in  the  year  1550."  About  the 
top  a  blurred  inscription.  From  Cadiz,  but 
probably  made  in  Holland.  Reproduction.  In 
relief  figures  of  man  fiddling  for  dancing 
bear,  dogs,  etc. 

106.  Brass  ox  bell  from  the  village  of  Es- 
corial  de  Abajo,  Spain,  near  Madrid.  Rude 
ornament  in  relief,  much  worn.  From  about 
1750.  The  Escorial  Monastery  of  San  Lo- 
renzo built  by  Philip  II   in   1581. 

107.  Bronze  bull-bell  with  conventional  or- 
namentation. From  Andalusia,  Spain,  whence 
came  the  best  bulls  for  fighting.  One  hun- 
dred years  old. 

108.  Church  bell,  inscribed  Jesus  Maria  y 
Jose,  being  the  Spanish  for  "Jesus,  Mary  and 
Joseph."  Date:  ano  de  MDCCCXXIII,  or 
year  1824.  Floreated  passion  cross  fleury  in 
relief.  From  Convent  of  Jesus  and  Mary  at 
Madrid,  Spain,  which  thirteen  years  later  was 
changed  into  the  National  Pantheon.  The 
church  is  now  known  as  San  Francisco  el 
Grande,  or  "St.   Francis  the  Great." 


17 


109.  "St  Anthony"  bell,  from  Madrid.  In- 
scription in  Latin  signifying  "Blessed  be  the 
name  of  the  Lord."  Various  animals  in  re- 
lief, to  signify  the  blessing  of  the  animals  on 
St.  Anthony's  day,  January  17,  a  unique  and 
interesting  Roman  Catholic  festival  in  Latin 
countries.     About  one  hundred  years  old. 

110.  A  beautiful  bronze  San  Clemente  an- 
chor bell  from  Barcelona,  Spain.  San  Cle- 
mente was  condemned  bv  Trajan  to  be  cast 
into  the  sea  bound  to  an  anchor.  But  when 
the  Christians  prayed  the  waters  were  driven 
back  for  three  miles  and  they  saw  a  ruined 
temple  which  the  sea  had  covered,  and  in  it 
was  found  the  body  of  the  saint  with  the  an- 
chor around  his  neck.  For  many  years,  at 
the  anniversary  of  his  death,  the  sea  re- 
treated for  seven  days,  and  pilgrimages  were 
made  to  this  submarine  tomb.  In  the  Sta. 
Barbara  Channel  is  the  Island  of  San  Cle- 
mente. 

111.  Bronze  sanctus  bell  from  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Toledo,  Spain.  Graceful  lines.  From 
early  eighteenth  century. 

112.  "Angelus"  or  "Gabriel"  church  bell 
trom  the  Convent  of  the  Conception  belong- 
ing to  the  Santa  Clara  nuns  of  the  Franciscan 
Order  at  Toledo,  Spain.  Ornamental  cross  in 
relief  on  pedestal.  An  inscription  in  Spanish 
reads,  "I  am  the  voice  of  the  angel  that  calls 


from    on    high: 
Year  1848. 


Hail,    Mary,    full    of    grace.' 


113.  Cencerro  or  "bull  bell."  Stamped  on 
the  metal  support  is  the  name  of  the  maker, 
"Aetno  Calle."  From  Valencia,  Spain.  At 
least  one  hundred  years  old. 

114.  Ox-bell  with  leather  strap  collar,  from 
the  little  town  of  Santa  Fe,  Spain,  built  by 
Queen  Isabella,  during  the  siege  of  Granada, 
in  eighty  days.  The  capitulation  of  Granada 
was  signed  here  in  1491,  and  also  the  contract 
with  Columbus  regarding  his  voyage  to  Amer- 
ica in  1492. 

115.  Three  donkey  bells  from  Gibraltar, 
Spain. 

116.  Two  silver  baby's  bells  from  a  little 
shop   patronized   by   the   royal   family   at   San 


18 


Sebastian,  Spain,  where  King  Alfonso  and  his 
queen  and  children  spend  a  part  of  each  sum 
mer. 

117.  Ancient  brass  bell  with  a  quaint, 
superimposed  ornament  riveted  on.  Odd 
wooden  clapper  fastened  with  thong.  From 
the  Island  of  Majorca,  the  birthplace  of  Fr. 
Junipero  Serra,  founder  of  the  California 
Missions,  1769-1784. 

118.  A  double-tongued  shield-shaped  Ro- 
man bell.  Found  during  excavations  near 
Granada,  and  dates  from  Roman  occupation 
of  Spain  100  B.  C.  to  100  A.  D.  Similar 
bells  have  also  been  found  in  the  Roman 
catacombs. 

119.  Silver  call-bell  from  Granada.  Handle 
formed   by  royal   eagle   of   Charles   the    Fifth. 

120.  Church  bell  from  Malaga,  Spain,  dated 
1885.  The  inscription  in  Spanish  reads,  "Don 
Manuel  Rivas  made  me.  Most  Holy  Virgin 
of  Mercy,  pray  for  us."     Cross  in  relief. 

121.  Ancient  call-bell  from  a  bishop's  pal- 
ace. Afterwards  used  as  an  alarm  bell  on 
a  spring  for  some  shop  door.  Bears  on  either 
side  the  episcopal  insignia,  and  has  an  oblit- 
erated inscription  in  which  may  still  be  dis- 
tinguished the  Latin  word  "Dominus,"  or 
Lord.  From  Leon,  Spain.  Seventeenth  cen- 
tury. 

122.  Clapperless  chapel  bell  from  Cathedra! 
of  Cordova,  Spain.  Cherubs'  heads  in  relief 
and  crosses,  each  formed  of  eight  flower  buds, 
signifying  the  eight  beautitudes.  Middle  of 
seventeenth   century. 

(«    ^    <^    «« 

"That   old    State-house    bell    is    silent. 
Hushed  is  now  its  clamorous  tongue. 
But  the  spirit  it  awakened 
Still  is  living — ever  young." 

(•    V    «C    (« 

123.  Beautiful  brass  ship's  bell,  from  the 
barkentine  "Pepito,"  which  sailed  the  Medi- 
terranean between  Barcelona  and  Naples. 
"Pepito"  is  the  diminutive  of  the  nickname 
for  Pedro  or  Peter  in  Snanish,  and  means 
"Little  Peter"  or  "Peterkin."  Middle  ot 
nineteenth   century. 

124.  Sanctus   bell   of  bronze.      Four   sweet 
toned  gong  bells  under  bronze  shell,  typifying 
the  four  Gospels.     From  th?  Cathedral  of  Se- 
ville.    From  end  of  eighteenth  centui>. 

125.  Spanish  church  bell  with  inscription 
in  Spanish  reading,  "Jesus,  Mary,  year  1693." 
Ornamental  floreated  band  in  relief,  and  three 
rhedallions,  each  containing  two  pelican.--. 
standing  under  a  passion  cross.  Cast  during 
the  reign  of  Charles  II,  the  last  of  the  Aus- 
trian Hapsburg  rulers.  From  Xerez  de  la 
Frontera. 


19 


126.  Very  rare  iron  "Angelus"  bell  from 
Zaragoza,  Spain,  and  dated  1317.  Raised  me- 
dallion with  foundry  mark.  Inscription,  "Ave 
Maria  Gratia  Plena."  Hail  Mary,  full  of 
grace.  The  Gothic  letters  of  the  inscription 
were  evidently  all  made  separately  and  then 
stuck  on  the  core  of  the  bell  mould,  as  can 
be  seen  from  their  irrgularity.  These  bells 
were  used  in  ringing  the  "Angelus"  at  morn 
ing  and  evening. 

(i«     <«     ^     (4 

"Ring  soft  across  the  dying  day 

Angelus! 

Across   the   amber-tinted   bay, 

The  meadow  flushed   with   sunset  ray. 
Ring  out,   and   float,   and  melt   away. 

Angelus! 

^    <4    <i«    <« 

The  day  of  toil  seems  long  ago 
Angelus! 

While    through    the    deepening   vesper    glow, 
Far  up  where  holy  lilies  blow, 
Thy  beckoning  bell  notes  rise  and  flow, 
Angelus! 

Through  dazzling  curtains  of  the   west 

Angelus! 

We  see  a  shrine  in  roses  dressed, 

And  lifted  high  in  vision  blessed 

Our  very  heart   throb  is  confessed 

Angelus! 

Oh,  has  an  angel  touched  the  bell, 

Angelus! 

For  now  upon  the  parting  swell 

All  sorrow  seems  to  sing  farewell, 

There  falls  a  peace  no  words  can  tell, 

Angelus!" 

^     <«     <4     (« 

127.  Church  bell.  Floreated  band  in  relief. 
Four  raised  medallions  showing  Calvary, 
Pope,  Bishop  and  Madonna  and  Child.  From 
the  style  of  the  figures  and  general  appear- 
ance, not  later  than  the  fifteenth  century 
From  the  Church  of  Saint  Mary  of  the  Sea, 
Barcelona,   Spain. 

128.  Ship's  bell  with  axle  and  pinions.  In- 
scribed "Taormina  1884."  From  a  boat  form- 
erly plying  between   Marseilles  and  Sicily. 

129.  Carriage  bell  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury with  floral  decorations.  From  the  an- 
cient city  of  Carcassonne,  in  Southern 
France. 

130.  Clock  gong  of  bowl  shape,  very  large 
and  massive.  Inscription  in  French  reads  as 
follows:  This  clock  bell  was  cast  in  August, 
1861,  in  the  reign  of  Napoleon  III,  Emperor 
of  France.  Jean  Marie  Mathias  Debelay,' 
Archbishop;  Adolph  Durand  St.  Amant, 
Chief  Magistrate;  Doctor  Paul  Pamard, 
Mayor;  M.  Edouard  Perrot,  Jean  Baptiste 
Clerc,   Eugene   Bastide,  Jean    Baptiste   Vodon, 


20 


deputies.  Pierre  Pierron,  bell  founder  at 
Avignon."  Avignon,  in  Southern  France, 
founded  by  the  Romans,  is  famous  as  bein.g 
the  seat  of  the  popes  during  the  so-called 
"Babylonish   Captivity,"    1309-1377. 

131.  Altar  bell  consisting  of  three  small 
bronze  bells  within  a  shell  of  brass.  From 
middle  of  eighteenth  century.     From  Cologne. 

132.  Church  bell  in  redwood  frame.  From 
Genoa,  Italy.  Dated  1810,  the  year  of  Mexi- 
can independence,  and  also  that  in  which  was 
founded  the  capilla  of  San  Bernardino. 

133.  Cow-bell  from  the  Valley  of  the  Lau- 
terbrunnen.  Inscribed  "Rastello."  Also  orna- 
mented with  relief  figures  of  deers'  heads,  a 
cow,  Swiss  crosses,  etc.     Sixteenth  century. 

134.  Sweet-toned  chapel  bell  of  bronze  or- 
namented with  four  Calvarys  in  raised  work. 
Graceful  lines.  From  Hospice  of  the  Great- 
St.  Bernard  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  founded  in  96.i 
by  St.  Bernard,  now  occupied  by  Augustine 
monks,  who,  with  their  dogs,  render  assist 
ance  to  lost  travelers. 

135.  Drum  major's  standard,  from  Lucerne. 
Switzerland.  Ornamental  stars,  crescents  and 
bells  of  brass  with  iron  rod  center  in  a  slid- 
ing handle  of  wood.    Nineteenth  century. 

V     <i«     w     ^ 

"Those    bells    that    tell    a    thousand    tales. 
Sweet  tales  of  olden  time! 
And  ring  a  thousand  memories 
At  vesper  and  at  prime." 

<^    ^    ^     <^ 

136.  Very  sweet-toned  travelers'  bell  from 
Conipostella,  Spain.  About  the  top  a  row  o? 
scallop  shells,  the  symbol  of  St.  James  of 
Compostella,  patron  saint  of  pilgrims.  About 
the  center  are  figures  of  travelers  on  Span- 
ish mules,  and  lions  that  represent  the  dan 
gers  in  the  way.  Dated  1790.  For  the  necic 
of  the  leading  horse  or  pack  mule  that  went 
ahead.     ("Campus  Stellae.") 

137.  Church  bell  from  the  Riddarholms 
Kyrka,  the  old  Franciscan  church  at  Stock 
holm,  Sweden.  Relief  work  consisting  of 
floreated  bands  and  a  Calvary  with  Mary  an'i 
John  at  either  side;  medallions  of  St.  James 
with  staflf,  water  botlle  and  cockle  shells.  St 
Bri^itta,  patron  saint  of  Sweden,  who  mad  i 
pilgrimages  to  the  shrine  of  St.  James  at 
Compostella,  Spain,  and  St.  Gottlieb,  or  Theo- 
philus,  the  administrator  of  a  bishopric  «n 
Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  made  a  compact 
with  the  devil.  From  middle  of  eighteenth 
century. 

138.  Church  bell  dated  1847.  Ornamental 
floreated  band.  Medallions  of  St.  James  tho 
Less,  with  club,  and  St.  Thaddeus,  with  hai- 
berd.     From  Wurtemberg. 


21 


139.  Ancient  church  bell  with  floreated 
bands  and  crown-sJiaped  ears.  The  German 
inscription  informs  us  that  it  was  made  by 
Wolfgang  Wilhelm  Schelchshorn  in  Eychstet 
in  1796.  From  old  Lutheran  church  at  Wit- 
temberg. 

140.  Chapel  bell  with  floreated  band  and 
the  following  emblems  and  inscriptions:  I.  H. 
S.  Jesus  Savior  of  men;  medallion  of  cruci- 
fixion with  words  James  Hiliprand  and  Holy 
Trinity;  anagram  of  the  letters  of  MARI>; 
then  within  ornamental  border  Aus  Tirol 
"From  Tyrol."  "Joseph  Dengg  made  me  nt 
lenbach."     Nineteenth  century. 

141.  Bell  from  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Franc  • 
Floreated  band  and  raised  medallions  of  St. 
Louis  of  France,  Bishop  of  Toulouse  (patr'jn 
saint  of  Mission  of  San  Luis  Obispo);  an  1 
Santa  Barbara,  patroness  of  the  Mission  of 
that  name.     Nineteenth  century. 

142.  Chapel  bell  from  St.  Denis,  France 
Ornamental  bands;  medallions  of  St.  Joseph 
with  lilies  and  Christ  child.  On  either  side 
cherubs  with  flowers.  About  one  hundred 
years  old. 

143.  Cow-bell  from  Oberammergau,  in  Ba 
varia.  Ornamented  with  Calvary  and  figures 
of  John  and  Mary,  I.  H.  S.  and  cross,  and 
the  number  18.     About  fifty  years  old. 

144.  Cow-bell  from  Hohenschwargau,  in 
the  Bavarian  Alps,  where  King  Lewis  II, 
1869,  built  the  beautiful  castle  of  New 
Schawnstein,  famous  for  its  frescoes  of  the 
stories  of  Lohengrin,  Tannhauser,  etc.  Orna- 
mented with  royal  crown,  cherubs'  heads 
crucified  Christ  and  Mary.  About  fifty  years 
old. 

145.  Alarm  bell  on  spring  coil  from  old 
shop  door  in  Paris.  Ornamented  with  fleur- 
de-lis.     Eighteenth  century. 

146.  Beautifully  attuned  mass  bells  from 
Munich.  The  three  represent  the  Trinity. 
Early  eighteenth  century. 

147.  Ancient  mass  bell  from  Stuttgart. 
The  four  bells  in  one  denote  the  unity  of  the 
four  Gospels.     About  two  hundred  years  old. 

148.  Ancient  castle  bell  with  inscription  in 
German  that  says,  "Johann  Ulerich  Rosen- 
lecher  made  me  in  Constanz  in  1676."  Orna- 
mented with  various  heraldic  devices.  From 
the  old  castle  on  the  Rhine  that  was  inhab- 
ited in  the  seventeenth  century  by  Count  Ru- 
dolph Wolfgang  von  Bernstein. 

149.  Very  artistic  altar  bell  of  Gothic  de- 
sign, beautifully  ornamented.  Surmounted  by 
miniature  cross.  From  Dresden.  Eighteenth 
century. 

150.  House  bell  from  St.  Petersburg,  Rus- 
sia, with  inscription  in  Russian  that  reads,  "1 
present  it  to  him  (or  her)  whom  I  love.     This 


22 


bell  was  wrought  at  Valdai."  The  inscription 
is  in  the  old  style  Russian  used  before  the 
reign  of  Peter  the  Great  (1689-1725),  and  Is 
therefore  over  two  hundred  years  old. 

151.  Brass  church  bell.  In  relief  are  fig- 
ures of  crucified  Christ,  Madonna  and  Child 
and  St.  Catherine.  From  the  Church  of  St. 
Catherine,  Nuremberg,  long  used  by  the  meis- 
tersingers  as  their  school.  Made  in  the  state 
bell  foundry  some  time  before  1806,  as  the 
foundry  ceased  to  exist  in  that  year. 

152.  Castle  tocsin  bell,  inscribed  in  Ger- 
man as  follows:  "Christopher  Frederick  Oel- 
hafen  is  the  founder  of  the  Schsellenbac'a 
family,  1746."  From  the  anciept  castle  of 
Schsellenbach   in  Wurtemberg,   Germany. 

153.  Castle  bell  of  artistic  design  in- 
scribed with  the  owner's  name,  "Gottfried 
Siegomund  von  Hauck,  1766."  Heraldic  de- 
sign consisting  of  the  keys  of  the  town  of 
Regensburg,  at  that  time  a  free  city  of  the 
German  Empire,  now  belongs  to  Bavaria. 
This  bell  v/as  used  in  the  van  Hauck  castle 
in  the  great  dinijig  hall  to  summon  the  guests. 
It  had  no  clapper  and  was  struck  with  a 
wooden  mallet,  giving  out  a  very  piercing 
and  musical  tone.  Technically  known  as  a 
petasius  or  "broad-brimmed  hat"  bell. 

154.  Beautiful  bronze  garrison  bell  from 
old  German  military  citadel  of  Spandau.  Or- 
namented with  eagle  in  bold  relief  grasping 
fasces  in  its  talons.  The  ears  of  the  bell  are 
formed  by  a  group  of  lions  couchant.  Floral 
border.  The  words  "Ton  Gis"  in  German 
guarantee  the  purity  of  metal  and  tone,  and 
the  bell  has  a  most  musical  tone.  Nineteenth 
century. 

(4     <«     <i«     <« 

"At  bridal  and  at  burial 
For  cottager  and  king. 
These  bells  and  glorious  Christian  chimes, 
How  blessedly  they  ring"! 

<«<«(«    <4 

155.  Dinner  bell  from  the  Austrian  Lloyd 
S.  S.  "Hapsburg."  Company's  device  in  re- 
lief. Vorwarts,  "Forward,"  and  dolphins,  anchor 
and  crown.  The  letters  "L.  A."  Lloyds  Aus- 
tria. This  steamer  plys  between  Trieste  and 
Constantinople.     About  fifty  years  old. 

156.  Goat-bell  containing  smaller  one,  hung 
on  wooden  collar.  Taken  from  the  neck  of 
a  goat  that  was  browsing  on  the  side  of  the 
Acropolis,  at  Athens.     Sweet  tone. 

157.  Bronze  bell  from  Sparta,  Greece,  such 
as  were  anciently  worn  on  necks  of  slaves. 

158.  Sacred  cow-bell  from  Jaipur,  India. 
Good  specimen  of  the  well-known  Jaipur 
enamel  work.  (The  cow  is  a  sacred  animal 
in   India.) 


23 


159.  Bronze  bell  from  the  Dilwarra  Tem- 
ple at  Mount  Abu,   India. 

160.  Sacred  bullock-bell  of  odd  design 
from  Ahmedabad,  one  of  the  centers  of  the 
Jain  sect  in  India.     One  hundred  years  old. 

161.  Buflfalo-bell  from  Bombay,  India.     Mys- 
tical,   ring-shaped     handle.       Eighteenth     cen 
tury. 

162.  Sacred  cow-bell  from  Lahore,  one  of 
the  principal  cities  in  the  Punjab,  India. 
Eighteenth  century. 

163.  Camel-bell  from  Peshawar,  on  north- 
ern boundary  of  India,  commanding  the  fam 
ous  Kaibar  Pass,  a  caravan  route  to  Afghanis- 
tan. 

164.  Bullock-bell  from  Cawnpore,  India 
Eighteenth  century. 

165.  Sacred    elephant-bell    from    Trichinop 
oly,     India.       Ganesha,     the     elephant-headed 
God    of    Wisdom,    is    very    popular    in    India, 
and  has  many  temples  where  are  kept  trained 
elephants  sacred  to  him. 

166.  Ancient  bronze  cow-bell  from  Agra, 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  of  India, 
where  is  situated  the  famous  Taj  Mahal. 
Eighteenth  century. 

167.  Bronze    temple    bell    from    Ajmer,    In 
dia.     Surmounted   by   phoenix   bird,   the   sym- 
bol  of  eternal   health   and  vigor.      Eighteenth 
century. 

168.  Bullock-bells,  from  "the  Vale  of  Cash- 
mere."    Worn  between  the  horns. 

169.  Cluster  of  camel-bells  from  Teheran. 
Persia. 

170.  Bronze  donkey-bell  from  Cairo,  Egypt. 
Eighteenth   century. 

171.  Hand-bell  from  Benares,  India,  with 
image  of  tiger-god  for  handle.  Ten  thousand 
people  are  annually  eaten  by  tigers  in  India, 
and  the  natives  have  a  superstitious  fear  of 
th"!  animal.  Benares  is  one  of  the  most  sacred 
cities  of  India. 

172.  Bullock-bell  from  the  royal  deserted 
city  of  Fatehpur-Sikri,  India,  built  by  Em- 
peror Akbar  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

^    ^    ^    <^ 

"Music  arose  with  its  voluptuous  swell. 
And  all  went  merry  as  a  marriage  bell." 

'^    ^    <^    ^ 

173.  Camel-bell  from  Jerusalem,  Syria. 

174.  Elephant-bell  with  chain  of  Hindu 
deities  and  sacred  peacock  and  elephant. 
From  Lucknow,  the  seat  of  the  Sepoy  rebel-; 
lion  and  massacre  of  1857.  Worn  at  side  of 
elephant. 


24 


175.  Bronze  castanets  used  by  dancing 
fakirs  in  religious  ceremonies.  From  Assam, 
India.      Eighteenth   oentury. 

176  Temple  copper  gong  from  Calcutta, 
India. 

177.  Hand-bell  with  the  god  Brahma  for  a 
handle.     From  Rajput,  India. 

178.  Old  bronze  temple  bell  from  Mysore. 
India.  Handle  formed  by  Vishnu  and  Laksh- 
mi  sitting  under  the  shadow  of  Shesh,  the 
five-headed  sacred  cobra.  Throughout  India 
the  deadly  cobra  is  looked  upon  with  greai 
reverence. 

179.  Hindu  temple  bell.  Handle  formed  by 
the  god  of  the  wind.  Eighteenth  century. 
From  Delhi,  where  formerly  stood  the  fam- 
ous  "peacock  throne." 

180.  Bullock-bell  from  Sawarkand.  Curi 
ous  wooden  clapper.  Early  nineteenth  cen- 
tury. 

181.  Shrine  bell  from  Ghat  Temple  at 
Benares.     Eighteenth  century  . 

182.  Prayer  gong  for  arousing  the  gods. 
Circular  disc  of  hand-hammered  copper.  From 
Umballa,  India.     Eighteenth  century. 

183.  Massive  bronze  bell  from  a  lamasary 
or  Buddhist  monastery  at  Darjelling,  India. 
Eighteenth  century. 

184.  Bullock-bell  from  the  headwaters  of 
the  Ganges  in  the  Himalayan  Mountains,  at 
the  base  of  Mt.  Everest,  India. 

185.  Ancient  sweet-toned  lamas  bell  from 
the  great  Buddhist  monastery  at  Jantzi,  Thi- 
bet. The  bell  is  called  "Dilbuh";  the  top  of 
the  handle  is  in  the  shape  of  a  Dorgee  (from 
which  Darjeeling  gets  its  name);  the  eagle 
claw  is  "to  destroy  evil";  the  head,  much 
worn,  is  of  "Dolma,"  the  goddess  of  mercj'; 
about  the  shoulders  of  the  bell  runs  a  Sans- 
crit prayer.  About  the  barrel  and  sound-bow 
are  rows  of  dorgees  and  lotuses.  Inside  the 
bell  is  a  symbol  of  the  sacred  lotus  upon 
which  Buddha  sat  in  holy  contemplation  for 
millions  of  ages  planning  the  redemption  of 
mankind.  This  bell  is  from  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. 

186.  Prayer  gong  with  tip  of  yak  horn. 
From  Thibet,  "the  backbone  of  the  world." 
Very  old. 

187.  Bell  from  the  great  Vishnu  Temple  oi 
Sri  Rangam  at  Trichinopoly,  India. 

188.  Bullock-bells  to  be  worn  between  the 
eyes.     From  Madras,  India. 

189.  Five  bells  from  the  great  Hindu  tem- 
ple to  Minakshi,  the  fish-eyed  goddess,  at 
Madura,    India. 

190.  A  couple  of  bullock-bells  from  Tuti- 
corin,    India. 


25 


191.  Bronze  altar  bell  from  the  Catholic 
Cathedral  at  Kotahena,  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
Handle   terminating  in   Christian   cross. 

192.  Old  cracked  iron  elephant-bell  from 
Kandy,  Ceylon.  Such  bells  are  used  on  the 
elephants  trained  to  work  in  the  lumber  in- 
dustry. 

193.  Ancient  wooden  buffalo-bell  from  Per- 
adeniya,  Ceylon,  where  are  the  famous  bo- 
tanical gardens.  Over  one  hundred  years 
old. 

194.  Old  iron  cow-bell  with  double  wooden 
clapper  from  Galle,   Ceylon.     Eighteenth   cen 
tury. 

195.  Brass  bell  shaped  like  the  "Dagoba,'" 
in  which  is  preserved  the  gigantic  tooth  of 
Buddha  at  the  Maligawa  Temple  at  Kandy, 
Ceylon. 

196.  Native  war  dance  gong  from  British 
North  Borneo.  Ornamented  with  dragons 
and  scroll  work  in  relief.  Borneo  is  the  land 
of  the  "head  hunters." 

197.  Chinese  temple  gong  from  Hong 
Kong.  Handle  formed  by  imperial  singing 
dragons.  On  sides  singing  dragons  in  raised 
work.  In  panels  are  music-loving  dragons 
and  conical  protuberances  symbolizing  the 
sacred  snails  that  covered  Buddha's  head  from 
the    sun    when    he   was    lost    in    thought.      In- 


scriptions in  old  Chinese  characters  of  the 
period  of  the  Ming  dynasty.  Five  hundred 
years  old. 

198.  Sacred  drum  carved  from  peach  wood. 
From  temple  at  Shanghai.  Conventional  carv- 
ing. Peach  tree  wood  is  much  used  in  tem- 
ple furnishings  in  China  on  acount  of  the 
mythical  properties  ascribed  to  the  peach 
blossoms  and  wood. 

199.  Small  prayer  drum  of  peach  wood 
from   Shanghai. 

'^    ^    <^    ^ 

"Jingle  bells!   jingle   bells! 
Jingle  all  the  way! 
Oh,  what  fun  it  is  to  ride 
In  a  one-horse  open  sleigh"! 


26 


200.  Miniature  peach  wood  prayer  drum. 
Shanghai. 

201.  Horse-bell  in  shape  of  fish  head,  from 
Canton,  where  fish  is  the  principal  diet  of 
the  poor  people. 

202.  Small  horse-bell.     Canton,  China. 

203.  Japanese  "Waniguchi,"  or  crocodile- 
mouth  gong,  259  years  old,  as  shown  by  the 
inscription,  which  reads,  "Given  to  the  tem- 
ple by  Akashi  Province  in  the  second  year 
of  Mereki,  on  a  good  day  in  July."  Other 
inscriptions  are:  "We  pray  the  Lord"  and 
"Given  to  hang  before  the  Buddha."  Decor- 
ated with  the  lotus  flower,  the  symbol  of 
purity,  the  sacred   flower  of   Buddha. 

204.  "Suju,"  or  Japanese  religious  rattle, 
used  by  the  priestesses  in  the  sacred  dance 
"Okagura"  at  the  Shinto  shrine  at  Kasuga- 
wakamiya,  Nara.  About  eighty  years  old. 
Red  lacquer  handle. 

205.  Buddhist  temple  bell  from  Japan.  Or- 
namented with  lotus  flower  and  eagle's  claw 
handle.     Eighteenth  century. 

206.  Temple  gong  in  form  of  eight  petaled 
lotus  flower  and  with  lotus  ornamentation 
and  inscriptions  in  ancient  Chinese  characters. 
Part  of  the  inscription  reads,  "Given  to  the 
holv  God,"  and  "Above  the  North  hot  water.  ' 
From  Mukden  (Port  Arthur),  made  memor- 
able in  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  Over  two 
hundred  and  fifty  years  old.  Made  in  the  39 
(KENIYU)  era  of  Chinese  history,  in  the 
Golden  Age  of  her  material  development. 
Names  of  honorable  donors  on  the  gong. 

207.  Old  helmet-shaped  bell  from  Buddhist 
temple  in  Kobe,  Japan.  Conventional  decora- 
tion.    Two  hundred  years  old. 

"The  curfew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day." 
^    ^    ^    ^ 

208.  Beautiful  old  bell  of  green  bronze 
from  pagoda  at  Osaka,  Japan.  The  square 
openings  are  "the  windows  of  truth";  the  lit- 
tle protuberances  are  "the  merciful  snails"  of 
Lord  Buddha.  Mouth  of  graceful  foliated 
design      Three  hundred  years  old. 

209  Japanese  bronze  gong  used  in  tea 
ceremony.  Ornamented  with  the  "pitying 
snails  of  Buddha."  From  Kyoto,  Japan. 
Eighteenth  century. 

210.  Large  lacquered,  sacred  drum,  carved 
and  gilded.  From  Buddhist  temple  at  Kyoto, 
Japan.  Mat  and  wand.  Hollowed  out  of  a 
piece  of  tough  wood,  very  similar  to  the  an- 
cient Aztec  toponaxtli  drums  of  Mexico. 
These  drums  are  beaten  by  the  priests  dur- 
ing the  religious  ceremonies,  as  a  sort  of 
continuous  prayer  to  the  gods.  One  hundred 
years  old. 


211.  Ancient  iron  pagoda  bell  from  Budd- 
hist temple  near  Kyoto,  Japan!  Mouth  formed 
of  lotus  petals.  One  hundred  and  fifty  year.s 
old. 

212.  The  most  primitive  form  of  bell 
known,  or  possible,  being  simply  a  piece  of 
stone  or  phonolite  ("clink  stone")  suspended 
from  a  cord,  and  beaten  with  small  wooden 
mallet.  It  gives  out  a  clear,  metallic  ring. 
From  ancient  phonolite  quarry  on  the  Island 
of  Saghalin.  This  kind  of  bell  was  used  as 
early  as  600  B.  C. 

213.  Buddhist  priest's  prayer  rattle  from 
Nara,  Japan.  Beautiful  green  bronze  wing- 
shaped  ornaments  on  handle,  symbolizing  the 
flight  upward  of  the  priest's  prayers. 

214.  Beautifully  formed  bronze  temple 
gong  with  double  supporting  ears.  From 
Lake  Biwa. 

V  <:«    ««    ^ 

After  Longfellow's  death,  among  his  papers 
was  found  the  manuscript  of  his  last  written 
poem,  "The  Bells  of  San  Bias." 

V  <«    V    <;« 

215.  Beautifully  molded  bell  of  bronze  with 
deep,  sonorous  tone.  Ornamented  with  raised 
work  showing  music-loving  dragons  and  lot- 
uses, the  symbol  of  purity.  Around  the  up- 
pe."  part  are  seen  the  sacred  snails  of  Buddha. 
The  ears  are  formed  by  a  curved  dragon. 
Used  in  tea  ceremony.  From  Yeddo.  The 
Cha-no-yu,  or  Tea  Ceremonial,  developed  into 
a  cult  during  the  Shogunate  of  Ashikaga 
Yoshimasa  in  the  fifteenth  century.  This  cult 
was  founded  on  the  four  cardinal  virtues  of 
urbanity,  courtesy,  purity  and  imperturbabil- 
ity, and  has  become  a  mighty  force  in  hold- 
ing the  Japanese  true  to  a  high  standard  in 
matters  of  taste  by  combining  "aesthetic 
eclecticism"  of  the  most  fastidious  nature 
with  the  severest  canons  of  simplicity  and 
austerity.  The  tea  ceremony  is  in  reality  a 
gathering  of  connoisseurs  to  view  works  of 
aft,  each  of  which  to  win  favor  must  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  most  exacting  taste. 
The  ceremonies  include  a  preliminary  dinner, 
but  tea  drinking  is  the  chief  thing.  The  tea 
used  is  in  the  form,  not  of  tea  leaves,  but 
of  powder,  so  that  the  resulting  beverage  re- 
sembles pea  soup  in  color  and  consistency. 
The  tea  is  made  and  drunk  in  a  preternatur- 
ally  slow  and  solemn  manner,  each  action, 
each  gesture  being  fixed  by  an  elaborate  code 
of  rules.  Every  article  connected  with  the 
ceremony,  such  as  the  tea  canister,  the  in- 
cense burner,  the  hanging  scroll,  and  the 
bouquet  of  flowers  in  the  alcove  is  either 
handled,  or  else  admired  at  a  distance,  in 
ways  and  with  phrases  prescribed  by  unalter- 
able usage.  Even  the  hands  are  washed,  the 
room  is  swept,  a  little  bell  is  rung  (of  which 
there  are  various  specimens  in  this  collec- 
tion), and  the  guests  walk  from  the  house  to  the 


28 


garden  and  from  the  garden  into  the  house, 
at  stated  times  and  in  a  stated  manner,  which 
never  varies.  To  a  European  the  ceremony 
is  lengthy  and  meaningless,  and  when  wit- 
nessed more  than  once  it  becomes  intolerably 
monotonous. 

The  worship  of  simplicity  and  of  the  an- 
tique in  objects  of  art,  together  with  the  ob- 
servance of  an  elaborate  code  of  etiquette — 
such  are  the  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the 
tea  ceremonies  in  their  modern  form,  which 
has  never  varied  in  four  centuries. 

216.  Gracefully  made  bronze  house  gong 
from  Tokio.  In  raised  work,  the  winged 
steed  that  forms  one  of  the  signs  of  the 
Zodiac;  the  sacred  lotus,  and  the  blessed 
snails  of  Buddha.  On  top  of  gong  a  prayer 
to  Lord   Buddha  for  a  blessing  on  the  home. 

217.  Ancient  iron  priest's  rattle  or  prayer 
bell  from  Buddhist  shrine  at  Nikko,  Japan. 
Handle  is  surmounted  by  fish-spear  orna- 
ment, symbolizing  the  broad-bladed  spear 
with  which  Buddha  slew  the  great  Demon. 
Over  two  hundred  years  old. 

218.  Beautiful  little  Buddhist  priest's  gong 
made  of  bronze.  Ornamented  with  Buddhist 
angels,  the  lotus  flower  and  dragons  with 
intertwined  tails  forming  the  handle.  Very 
sweet  tone  when  struck  by  a  wand.  From 
Yeddo,  Japan.  One  hundred  and  fifty  years 
old. 

219.  Three-footed  bronze  gong  beautifully 
ornamented  with  lotus  buds  in  relief.  From 
Buddhist  temple  at  Kamakura,  where  there 
is  an  image  of  Buddha,  made  of  bronze 
plates,  and  forty-four  feet  high.  From  eight- 
eenth century. 

220.  Bright  brazen  Shinto  temple  rattle 
fifty  years  old,  with  inscription,  "Province  of 
Shimosa,  District  of  Tuiki,  Shore  of  the  Ka- 
bota  River.  This  bell  is  (Hono)  consecrated 
to  God  by  the  people  who  were  passengers 
on  the  boat,  and  by  their  representative,  Ishi- 
kawa  Jinbei  of  Higashi-Moto  Street  of  Fuka- 
gawa,  Tokio,  in  giving  it  to  the  temple."  A 
votive  oflfering  on  the  part  of  those  pas- 
sengers who  escaped  shipwreck. 


29 


221.  A  gong  (Dora)  of  begging  pilgrims, 
worn  thrust  through  the  belt  and  sounde-l 
while  walking  and  praying.  Decorated  with 
mother  of  pearl,  and  a  pair  of  brass  temple 
dogs.  On  the  wooden  mallet  is  the  inscrip 
tion  in  Japanese,  "Property  of  Hara  Genzae- 
mon."  In  thee  0!Buddha,  we  put  our  trust." 
Name  Amida  Butsu.  From  Yokohama.  As 
Buddha  was  a  beggar  and  wore  the  yellow 
robe  and  carried  the  brass  alms  bowl,  he  is 
much  beloved  by  all  beggars  of  China,  Japan 
and   India.     About  fifty  years  old. 

222.  A  bronze  Kei  gong  one  hundred  years 
old  from  Buddhist  temple  in  Formosa.  Or- 
namented with  the  mystical  phoenix,  bird  of 
paradise  and  sacred  lotus. 

223.  Large  bronze  Japanese  temple  gons: 
(Dora)  from  Buddhist  temple  at  Hakodate 
Figures  in  relief  "nio"  (two  kings)  or  guard- 
ian demons  of  the  temple.  Within  is  the 
signature  of  Myochin,  the  maker.  About  one 
hundred  and   fifty  years  old. 

<«    ««    V    <4 

"I   think  upon   that   happy   time, 
That    time   so   fondly   loved. 
When   last  we  heard   the  sweet  bells   chime, 
As  through  the  fields  we  roved." 

<«    <«    14    •« 

224.  Jingle  bells  used  by  Japanese  news- 
boys. They  are  worn  at  the  hip,  attached  to 
the  sash.  As  the  boys  run  about  they  do 
not  cry  their  papers,  but  by  the  loud  sounding 
of  these  bells  announce  their  "extrys."  From 
Yokohama. 

225.  Bronze  gong  from  horse  temple  at 
Nagasaki,  Japan,  where  is  venerated  the 
sacred  horse  of  Buddha.  About  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years  old. 

226.  Ancient  hand-bell  of  green  bronze  in 
form  of  a  fish  head.  In  imitation  of  a  bell 
of  the  ancient  time  of  Jindai's  godly  reign. 
The  original  was  dug  up  in  the  ancient 
Buddhist  city  of  Kamakura. 

227.  Very  beautiful  specimen  of  Buddhist 
priest's  magic  bell.  Handle  formed  of  lotus 
petals  and  eagles'  claws.  Mouth  of  bell 
formed  of  the  eight  petals  of  the  lotus.  Dec- 
orated with  raised  figures  of  gods  alternat- 
ing with  the  "Saiko."  Used  by  the  priests 
in  exorcising  evil  spirits. 

228.  Flat,  circular  bronze  gong  from  tem- 
ple of  Confucius  in  Pekin,  China.  Covered 
on  either  side  with  extracts  from  the  sacred 
writings  of  Confucius;  taken  from  the  work 
entitled  "Change,"  that  teaches  the  proper 
conduct  of  life.  The  worshipers  whilst  read- 
ing the  words  on  this  metal  disc  make  their 
prayers  to  Confucius,  meanwhile  striking  the 
gong  with  a  wand,  to  attract  the  favorable 
attention  of  the  great  Teacher.  About  one 
hundred  and  fifty  years  old. 


30 


229.  Long-handled  pilgrim's  bell  from 
Kompira,  Japan.  Used  by  pilgrims  bound  for 
the  summit  of  Fujiyama,  12,365  feet  high. 
While  making  the  ascent  the  pilgrims  ring 
such  bells  as  these  and  chant  an  invocation 
which  says,  "May  our  six  senses  be  pure,  and 
the  weather  on  the  honorab^le  mountain  be 
fair."  About  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  old. 
Signed  by  the  maker,  Kokawa  IcihnQ  Kami, 
at  Kokawa-dera  Temple,  near  Nara. 

230.  Deep-toned  bronze  fire  gong  (Han- 
sho),  from  Tokio,  Japan.  Fires  were  form- 
erly so  common  in  Japan's  wood  and  paper 
cities  that  the  nickname  of  "Yedo  Blossoms" 
was  applied  to  the  flames,  which  almost 
nightly  lit  up  the  metropolis.  So  cpmpletely 
did  this  destructive  agency,  establish  itself 
as  a  national  institution  that  a  whole  vocabu- 
lary grew  up  to  express  every  shade  of  mean- 
ing in  matters  fiery.  The  Japanese  language 
has  special  terms  for  an  incendiary  fire,  an 
accidental  fire,  a  fire  starting  from  one's  own 
house,  a  fire  caught  from  next  door,  a  fire 
which  one  shares  with  others,  a  fire  which  is 
burning  to  an  end,  the  flame  of  a  fire,  any- 
thing— for  instance,  a  brazier — from  which  a 
fire  may  arise,  the  side  from  which  to  attack 
a  fire  in  order  to  extinguish  it,  a  visit  of  con- 
dolence after  a  fire,  the  bell  for  announcing 
the  presence  of  a  fire — and  so  on.  These 
fire  gongs  are  placed  on  poles  tall  enough 
to  overlook  the  houses  in  the  crowded  quar- 
ters and  are  easily  accessible  from  the  streets. 
Seventy-five  years  old. 

231.  Bronze  Waniguchi  (gong).  Decorated 
with  imperial  dragon,  snail  shell  and  eight - 
petaled  lotus.     From  Nagoya,  Japan. 

232.  Iron  rattle  bell  for  house.  With 
sacred  inscriptions  and  snails.  From  Miyano- 
shita. 

233.  Bronze  rattle  for  calling  servants.  Or- 
namented with  Sanscrit  characters  and  piti- 
ful snails  of  Buddha.     From  Yokosuka. 

234.  Priest's  gong  used  especially  for  the 
prayer  ceremony  at  funerals,  made  of  "Sa- 
hary,"  the  sweetest-toned  of  all  bell  metal. 
Wooden  handle  and  cushipn.  From  Mikko, 
Japan. 

235.  Buddhist  priest's  bell,  heavily  gilt,  of 
lotus  flower  design.  Quite  a  percentage  of 
gold  in  its  composition.  Upon  the  handle 
are  the  heads  of  the  gods  Kuten  Bosatsu 
(Air);  Katea  Bosatsu  (Fire);  Suiter  Bosatsu 
(Water);  Futen  Bosatsu  (Wind).  (Diflferent 
forms  of  Buddha.)  Handle  terminates  in 
claws  of  Buddha's  eagle.  From  Nyoroiyi 
Temple,  Kii.     About  fifty  years  old. 

236.  Fruit-shaped  rattle  bell  for  domestic 
service.     From  Hiroshima,  Japan. 

237.  Beautiful  bronze  gong,  such  as  are 
used  in  the  tea  ceremonies.  Ornamented  in 
raised   work  with   dragons,   royal   chrysanthe- 


31 


mums  and  other  figures.  The  Japanese  char- 
acters signify  "Dragon  God."  The  wooden 
mallet  bears  the  name  "Single  Heart,"  such 
as  were  used  in  the  "Daimyo"  or  feudal  days, 
1603-1867.      From    Kanagawa,   Japan. 

238.  Annular  bronze  call-bell  for  domes 
tic  use.  From  the  Daimyo  period.  From 
Wakayama.     One  hundred  years   old. 

239.  Miniature  metal  temple  drum. 

240.  Japanese  Buddhist  bishops'  gong.  Of 
bronze  in  form  of  sacred  lotus.  An  exceed- 
ingly rare  piece.  From  temple  at  Yama- 
guchi.     Sixteenth   century. 

241.  Bronze  gong  for  use  in  Japanese  tei 
ceremony,  made  in  shape  of  sacred  foot  of 
Buddha.  Ornamented  with  sacred  lotus.  Very 
rare  and  fine  specimen  of  the  seventeentli 
century.     From  palace  in   Fukuoka. 

242.  Beautiful  bronze  gong  from  Chinese 
temple  in  Pekin.  Ornamental  handle  formed 
of  double  dragons.  On  sides  the  phoenix 
bird,  symbol  of  power  and  vigorous  life,  and 
the  mystical  gingseng  plant,  type  of  virilitj' 
and  potency.  Very  sweet  and  sonorous  tone. 
Early   eighteenth   century. 

243.  "Potlatch"  rattle  in  shape  of  two 
clasped  hands.  Made  by  Alaskan  Indians. 
Used  in  their  dances. 

<«    ««    V    (^ 

In  old  ecclesiastical  paintings  and  carvings 
a  bell  symbolizes  the  exorcism  of  evil  spirits, 
and  is  generally  one  of  the  attributes  of  Saint 
Anthony,  who  had  many  a  tussle  with  the 
foul  fiend. 

^    <;«    <«    V 

244.  Chinese  temple  gong  ornamented  with 
snails  of  Buddha.  The  inscription  in  Chinese 
states  that  the  gong  was  made  during  the 
Kin  Lung  dynasty,  nearly  two  hundred  years 
ago.  Very  deep  and  sonorous  tone.  From 
ancient  temple  at  Kwang-lou-chan. 

245.  Mascot  bell  from  the  El  Zagal  Shri- 
ners  from  Fargo,  North  Dakota.  After  a 
special  vote,  presented  to  F.  A.  Miller  bv 
Potentate  Frank  H.  Treat,  1912. 

246.  Buddhist  temple  bell-shaped  ornameni: 
of  gilt  wood  from  Kioto. 

247.  Bowl-shaped  gong  of  hammered 
bronze  with  deep  musical  tone.  From  Naga- 
saki,  Japan. 

248.  Japanese  gong  such  as  are  used  by 
the  mendicant  priests  when  asking  alms. 

249.  Round  gong  from  Douglas.  Isle  of 
Man.  made  famous  through  well-known  novels 
of  Hall  Caine.     Gift  of  D.  Cochrane,  '12. 


32 


250.  Street  car  bell  from  New  York  Citv, 
from  the  last  horse  car  before  the  general 
change  to  the  cable  system;  inscribed  "Wm. 
McKenna  &  Son,  New  York."  Gift  of  L. 
Ferrea. 

251.  Church  bell  from  the  Church  of  St. 
Francis  at  the  leper  settlement  of  Molokai, 
Hawaiian  Islands.  An  especial  interest  at- 
taches to  this  bell  from  the  fact  that  it  hung 
in  the  church  where  Father  Damien  minis- 
tered to  those  alive  in  death,  the  lepers  of 
Molokai.  This  devoted  priest  literally  gave  his 
life  for  these  poor  unfortunates,  as  he  him- 
self contracted  the  dreadful,  incurable  mal 
ady  from  whose  effects  he  died  in  1889.  One 
of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson's  most  brilliant 
articles,  a  defense  of  Father  Damien  and  his 
work,  was  called  forth  by  an  injudicious  letter 
published  by  a  Protestant  missionary,  in 
which  charges  were  made  against  the  charac- 
ter and  motives  of  the  man  whom  the  world 
has  enrolled  among  its  greatest  heroes. 

(One  of  the  many  beautiful  stories  con- 
nected with  the  life  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi 
is  that  relating  to  his  care  for  an  unfortunate 
leper  whom  he  found  by  the  wayside.) 

It  is  especially  fitting  that  this  bell  should 
find  its  permanent  resting  place  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Mission  Inn  under  the  shadow 
of  the  Cross  on  Rubidoux,  reared  in  memory 
of  another  immortal  son  of  St.  Francis — 
Fray  Junipero   Serra. 

252.  Gong  of  hammered  brass  made  by  the 
native  Morros  of  the  Island  of  Mindiano, 
Philippine  Islands.  The  natives  suspend  thes<; 
gongs  with  cords  of  fibre,  or  place  them  on 
the  ground  and  then  strike  them  with  sticks. 
They  were  used  in  connection  with  heathen 
rites  and  festivals  celebrated  by  the  fierce 
savages  far  in  the  depths  of  the  tropical  jun- 
gle. 

253.  Brass  bell  and  fish  pendant  (carp), 
such  as  are  used  in  connection  with  the 
Boys'  Feast  of  Flags  on  May  5  in  Korea  and 
Japan.  On  this  day  outdoors  a  gigantic  carp 
made  of  paper  or  cloth  is  tied  to  the  top  of  a 
high  pole,  where  it  flutters  when  it  is  filled 
with  wind.  The  carp  is  emblematic  oi 
strength,  as  it  can  swim  up  a  rapid  current 

Owing  to  the  cross-shaped  piece  of  metal 
inside  the  bell,  and  from  which  the  fish 
hangs,  this  bell  when  hung  where  the  breeze 
can  strike  it,  produces  a  soft  and  constant 
tinkling  sound.    Gift  of  Mr.  Sanborn  of  Kobe. 

254.  The  "Santa  Maria"  bell  from  church 
of  the  Ascension  at  Seville,  Spain.  Inscrijjed 
in  Spanish:  "Mary  of  the  Ascension,  Seville, 
and  February  of  1753."  A  splendid  bell  of 
good  lines,  fine  proportions  and  of  about 
seven  hundred  pounds  weight.  The  tone  is 
most  excellent,  being  very  resonant  and  vi- 
brant. Ornamented  with  a  Latin  cross  in  re- 
lief. 


33 


255.  Eighteenth  Century  New  England 
watchman's  rattle.  Made  of  hickory.  From 
Salem,  Mass.  From  the  collection  of  Albert 
S.  White. 

256.  Temple  gong  of  green  bronze  orna- 
mented with  bands  and  shields  of  cloisonne 
work.  Chrysanthemums  in  various  colors 
about  lower  band.  Ornamental  pierced, 
pointed  handle  with  chain.  Very  beautiful 
specimen.  From  Japan.  About  150  years 
old. 

257.  Chinese  temple  gong  of  green  bronze 
hanging  in  ornamental  teak-wood  frame. 
Shaped  very  much  like  an  ordinary  bell. 
Ears  are  formed  of  a  pair  of  "music  loving 
dragons"  and  similar  figures  are  on  the  sides 
of  the  bell  in  high  relief.  Characteristic 
Chinese  ornamentation.  A  choice  specimen 
of  Chinese  metal  work  of  a  century  and  a 
half  ago. 

258.  Sanctus  bell  of  bronze.  From  ancient 
Jesuit  church  in  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  Handle 
formed  by  two  cherubs  standing  back  to 
back.  Doubtless  made  in  Mexico  about  1650. 
Rudely  moulded  and  hammered.  A  blurred 
medallion  on  either  side  and  a  few  letters 
that  may  be  part  of  the  famous  Jesuit  motto: 
Ad  Majorem  dei  Gloriam  (For  the  greater 
glory   of   God). 


34 


qjimop^Jm  ^Qp^scs 


Before  entering  upon  the  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  the  crosses  comprised  in  the  Mission 
Inn  Collection,  it  might  be  well  to  consider 
for  a  moment  a  few  general  facts  with  regard 
to  the  origin,  use  and  different  forms  of  the 
cross. 

The  cross  was  a  common  instrument  of 
capital  punishment  among  the  ancients  and 
death  on  the  cross  was  deemed  so  dishonor- 
able that  only  slaves  and  malefactors  of  the 
lowest  class  were  subjected  to  it  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 

The  cross  was  in  use  as  an  emblem,  having 
certain  religious  and  mystic  meanings  at- 
tached to  it  long  before  the  Christian  Era. 

The  Spanish  conquerors  were  astonished  to 
find  it  an  object  of  religious  veneration 
amongst  the  natives  of  America. 

But  the  death  of  Christ  by  crucifixion  led 
Christians  to  regard  it  with  peculiar  feelings 
of  veneration  and  to  adopt  it  as  a  svmbol  with 
express  reference  to  the  central  fact  of  their 
religion. 

The  sign  of  the  cross  has  been  made  in 
Christian  worship  since  the  second  century 
ac  least,  as  an  act  of  homage  to  God,  in  re- 
membrance of  the  Redemption,  and  of  bless- 
ing to  the  person  or  object  over  which  the 
sign  was  made. 

The  forms  given  to  crosses  in  art  are  end- 
less; but  the  two  leading  types  are  the 
Latin  cross,  supposed  to  be  that  on  which 
Christ  suffered,  and  the  Greek  cross,  both  of 
which  are  subject  to  many  fantastic  varia- 
tions. 

In  the  Latin  cross  the  lower  limb  is  longer 
than  the  upper  one,  while  in  the  Greek  the 
limbs  are  all  of  the  same  length.  The  cross 
of  St.  Andrew  consists  of  two  shafts  of  equal 
length  crossed  diagonally  at  the  middle. 

In  the  history  of  the  cross  as  a  Christian 
symbol  it  is  evident  that  it  was  used  at  first 
as  a  symbol  of  triumph,  not  suffering. 

In  the  sarcophagi  and  mosaics,  from  the 
fourth  to  the  ninth  century,  it  often  stands 
alone  on  the  sacred  rock  from  which  flow 
the  Four  Rivers  of  Paradise. 

It  is  sometimes  surmounted  by  the  Con- 
stantinian  monogram  of  Christ,  the  Labarum, 
and  thus  became  the  standard  of  victorious 
Christianity.  It  was  inscribed  within  the  cir- 
cle around  the  head  of  Christ,  thus  forming 
the  crucifixion  nimbus. 

In  the  Middle  Ages  the  form  of  the  cross 
was  given  to  a  majority  of  the  churches. 

In  the  following  pages  will  be  found  de- 
scriptions of  all  the  various  kinds  of  crosses 


35 


known,  together  with  interesting  historical 
notes  and  references  to  many  places;  quaint 
legends  and  customs  in  different  periods  and 
countries. 

The  Mission  Inn  Collection  of  crosses  is 
the  largest  and  most  representative  in  the 
world. 

All  of  the  smaller  crosses  are  hanging  in 
the  cabinet  in  the  Cloister  Music  Room.  The 
Curator  will  be  pleased  to  tell  you  where  to 
see  the  larger  ones. 

The  numbers  given  here  correspond  to 
those  on  or  near  the  crosses. 

^    <^    <i4    ^ 

"With  crosses,  relics,  crucifixes, 
Beads,  pictures,  rosaries  and  pixes. 
The  tools  of  working  out  salvation — 
A  somewhat   tiresome   operation." 

(«    w    ««    «« 

"The  moon  of  Mahomet 
"Arose   and   it    shall   set; 

While,    blazoned    as    on    heaven's    immortal 
noon 

The  Cross  leads  countless  generations  on." 

<^    <^    '^     ^ 

1.  Crystal  benitier,  or  holy  water  stoup, 
from  Versailles,  France.  Surmounted  by 
smooth  ,brass  Latin  cross.  Contains  figure  of 
Madonna  and  Child  in  brass. 

2.  Brass  crucifix  from  Mexico.  Latin  form 
with  title  and  emblems  of  Christ's  triumph 
over  death  and  mortality. 

3.  Silver  miniature  Latin  cross,  showing 
Runic  character  of  ancient  Irish  cross. 

4.  Silver,  floreated,  filigree  cross  made  in 
Mexico.  Mexican  silversmiths  are  expert  in 
this  sort  of  work. 

5.  Old  iron  pectoral  cross  from  Mexico. 
Made  about  16S0.  Property  of  a  nun.  On 
one  side  is  a  medallion  in  gold  of  Our  Lady 
of  Guadalupe.  Above  the  medallion  are  the 
Latin  letters  "L  N.  R.  L,"  which  stand  for 
"lesus  Nazarenus  Rex  ludaeorum" — Jesus  ot 
Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews.  On  the  arms 
is    the    following    inscription    in    Spanish:    In- 


36 


digiia  Soror  Luisa  Delaacsension,  or  in  Eng- 
lish* "Unworthy  Sister  Luisa  of  the  (Convent 
of  the)  Ascension."  On  lower  limb  are  these 
words  in  Spanish:  Esclava  Demidulcissimo 
Ihs  Maria,  or,  Englished:  "Slave  of  my  most 
sweet  Jesus  Mary."  The  "I.  H.  S."  is  the 
abbreviation  for  lesus  Hominum  Salvator, 
"Jesus  the  Saviour  of  Men."  On  the  other 
side  is  a  medallion  representing  angels  kneel- 
ing on  either  side  of  the  Host,  and  on  the 
arms  is  the  following  in  Spanish:  "Alavado 
Sea  Ssm  Sacramento,"  which  means:  "Laud- 
ed be  the  most  Holy  Sacrament."  On  the 
upper  limb  is  a  small  cross  springing  from 
the  L  H.  S.,  as  already  described.  On  the 
lower  limb  in  Spanish  are  the  words: 
"Maria  Santisimaconce  Vida  Sin  Pecado  Orig- 
inal," or  in  English,  "Most  holy  Mary,  con- 
ceived without  original  sin." 

6.  Latin  cross  of  Roman  Mosaic,  work. 

7.  Brass,  Latin  cross  from   England. 

8.  Cross  of  the  Order  of  Guadalupe  of 
Mexico.  This  Order  was  instituted  by  the 
Emperor  Maximilian.  Surmounting  the  cross 
is  a  golden  eagle  crowned,  standing  on  a  cac- 
tus and  with  claw  and  beak  rending  a  ser- 
pent. This  is  the  Mexican  symbol  seen  on 
the  coins  of  today,  except  that  the  eagle  no 
longer  wears  a  crown.  A  laurel  wreath  of 
victory  runs  about  the  extremities  of  the 
cross,  and  from  the  center  shoot  out  rays  of 
light. 

The  cross  is  Maltese,  supposed  to  repre 
sent  four  arrow  heads  with  points  meeting. 
Th.i  red,  white  and  green  enamel  represents 
the  national  colors  of  Mexico.  On  one  side 
is  the  Virgin  of  Guadalupe  in  miniature  sur- 
rounded by  a  border  that  carries  che  legend: 
"Religion,  Jndependencia,  Union."  On  the 
reverse  side  are  the  words:  "Al  merito  y  vir- 
tudes,"  or  "To  virtue  and  merits."  These 
medal-crosses  of  Maximilian  are  very  scarce 
and  highly  esteemed      Date  1865. 

9.  Silver  "Lorraine"  cross  from  Spain, 
about  1700.  The  crosses  with  two  arms  are 
called  "Lorraine"  for  the  reason  that  when 
Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  was 
chosen  by  the  Crusaders,  as  the  first  Chris- 
tian King  of  Jerusalem,  he  adopted  this 
cross,  hence  it  is   sometimes  called   the   Lor- 


1 

M 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■if 

I 

.37 


raine  or  Jerusalem  Cross.  Also  called  a  "pa- 
triarchal" or  "cardinal's"  cross.  This  is  what 
is  known  as  an  "inhabited  cross,"  as  it  con- 
tains human  figures.  On  the  observe  side  is 
the  figure  of  Christ  hanging  on  the  Cross. 
Over  his  head  is  the  abbreviation  I  N  R  I 
already  described.  Under  His  feet  is  h 
skull,  the  symbol  of  death  and  decay.  On 
the  lower  arm  and  the  lower  limb  are  the 
words  in  Latin,  "Domine  Mementomei," 
which  may  be  Englished,  "O!  Lord,  remem- 
ber me."  On  the  reverse  side  is  a  crowned 
figure  of  the  Virgin  with  the  crescent  moon 
under  her  feet,  the  horns  pointing  upward. 
As  on  the  obverse  side,  so  here  are  ten  orna- 
mental stars.  On  inferior  transom  and  lower 
limb  is  the  Spanish  inscription,  "Sinpecado 
Original,"  or  in  English,  "Conceived  without 
original  sin." 

10.  Silver,  Latin  cross  from  England.  \ 
so-called  "Aureole"  cross,  from  the  circle 
passing  through  the  angles  of  the  arms  and 
limbs.  It  was  thought  that  this  circle  was 
an  aureole  or  nimbus,  such  as  surrounds  the 
head  of  Christ.  But  it  seems  that  this  sup- 
position was  unfounded  and  that  the  circle 
was  ornamental  and  also  utilitarian,  as,  in  the 
case  of  large  crosses  of  stone  and  wood,  th^ 
segments  of  the  circle  served  as  braces  for 
the  long,  heavy  arms  or  transoms  of  the 
cross,  retaining  and  sustaining  them  above 
and  below. 

11.  Old  olive-wood  rosary  with  small  brass 
crucifix,  on  back  of  which  are  the  words; 
"Adveniat  Regnum  Tuum,"  "Thy  Kingdom 
Come."     From  Italy. 

12.  Double-armed  silver  pectoral  cross 
from  the  Navajo  Indians  of  New  Mexico, 
made  of  coins  hammered  together.  On  the 
obverse  side  are  represented  two  reversd 
Sawastika  crosses  and  seven  arrows.  At  each 
of  these  crosses  are  pointed  three  of  the  ar- 
rows— the  seventh  one  being  pointed  out- 
ward. On  the  reverse  side  is  nothing  but 
two  reversed  Sawastika  crosses.  This  is  '-> 
most  curious  article,  as  it  is  not  Christian, 
but  heathen.  It  is  the  "rain  cross"  to  which 
the  Indians  of  the  Southwest  have  prayed 
for  centuries,  and  which  was  worshipped  in 
Guatemala  and  Mexico  long  before  the  Span- 
iards came.     As  to  the  significance  of  the  ar- 


38 


rows,  possibly  Mr.  Walter  Fewkes  of  thi 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  could 
tell   their  meaning. 

More  than  three  thousand  years  ago  the 
strange  cruciform  symbol  known  as  the  Fyl- 
fot cross  was  reverenced  in  India.  It  is  a 
sacied  symbol  in  the  tombs  of  Egypt  and  in 
the  catacom.bs  of  Rome.  It  is  graven  on  the 
temples  of  the  prehistoric  nations  of  both  the 
Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres.  The 
heraldry  of  the  Middle  Ages  blazoned  it  on 
their  shields.  Today  it  is  used  as  a  mystic 
symbol  among  the  secret  societies.  Modern 
heralds  term  it  "gammodion,"  and  "crux  gam- 
mata,"  considering  it  as  a  compound  of  c 
fourfold  repetition  of  the  Greek  "gamma." 
Edmonson  describes  it  as  the  cross  potent 
rebated,  or  cross  componie.  The  Buddhists 
call  it  the  Sawastika,  or  Suti,  meaning  "It  's 
well,"  or  "So  be  it,"  and  it  is  the  symbol  of 
resignation. 

13.  Old  silver,  Spanish  crossbow  or  ar- 
balast,  bearing  the  figure  of  Christ.  A  most 
rare  and  interesting  specimen  of  the  silver- 
smith's art  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

14.  Silver,  Spanish  reliquary  cross;  very 
old.  Reliquary  crosses  were  made  with  small 
hollow  spaces  in  them,  in  which  to  carry 
either  a  fragment  of  the  True  Cross,  or  a 
relic  of  some  saint.  This  cross  nas  on  the 
obverse  side  -  seven  such  receptacles,  now- 
empty.  On  the  reverse  side  a  rude  repre- 
sentation of  the  crucified  Lord  iurmounted 
by  the  title  "I.  N.  R.  I." 

<^    <^    ^    ^ 

"On   her  white  breast  a   sparkling  cross   she 
wore. 
Which  Jews  might  kiss  and  infidels  adore." 

V    («    <i«    <« 

15.  Amethyst  bead-rosary  with  pendant 
gold  Latin  crucifix.     From  Spain. 

16.  Spanish,  silver  crucifix,  btaring  the 
Latin  monogram  I.  N.  R.  I.  and  on  reverse 
side  a  rude  representation  of  the  Chalice  and 
Host.     Sixteenth  century. 


39 


17.  Old  English,  brass,  Latin  cross,  bear- 
ing on  the  obverse  side  the  words  of  Mary 
to  Gabriel,  the  Angel  of  the  Annunciation: 
"Behold  the  Handmaid  of  the  Lord,  be  it 
unto  me  according  to  thy  word.''  In  her- 
aldry called  a  cross  "etoile,"  from  the  pointed 
terminals. 

18.  Silver  cross,  made  by  American  Indians 
in  New  Mexico.     Set  with  a  native  turquoise. 

19.  Old  bronze  crucifix  from  Madrid  with 
Latin  title. 

20.  Danish  Legion  of  Honor  Cross  of  gold 
and  enamel.  A  Maltese  "Aureole"  cross,  sur- 
mounted by  the  royal  crown  of  Denmark,  and 
with  a  crossed  crown  -in  each  of  the  four 
angles.  On  the  obverse  side  the  upper  crown 
is  supported  by  an  ornamental  "R, '  the  Latin 
abbreviation  for  Rex,  or  king.  On  the  four 
limbs  are  the  Danish  words,  "Gud  Og  Kon- 
gen,"  which  mean  "God  and  King."  In  the 
center  is  the  letter  "C"  under  a  small  crossed 
crown. 

On  the  reverse  side,  in  the  center,  is  the 
letter  "W,"  surmounted  by  a  Gothic  crown. 
On  the  left,  upper  and  right  limbs  are  the 
dates  1219,  1808  and  1671. 

The  white  enamel  and  the  setting  of  red 
gold  constitute  the  Dannebrog,  or  national 
colors  of  Denmark.  Waldemar  II,  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  sovereigns  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  in  1219  made  a  crusade  against  the 
Pagans  in  Esthonia  and  forcibly  converted 
the  inhabitants.  When  the  Danes  were  hard 
pressed  in  one  of  the  battles,  the  archbishop, 
Andrew  Suneson,  procured  a  flag  with  a 
white  cross  embroidered  on  a  red  ground, 
that  had  been  sent  him  by  the  pope.  He  told 
th*-;  Danish  soldiers  that  the  flag  had  fallen 
down  from  heaven,  and  so  inspired  them  that 
they  won  a  great  victory.  Ever  since  the 
white  cross  on  a  red  field  has  been  the  na 
tional  standard  of  Denmark.  The  "W"  re- 
ferred to  stands  for  this  same  Waldemar,  and 
the  1219  mentioned  is  the  year  of  his  cru- 
sade. The  date  1671  commemorates  the  great 
naval  victory  of  Denmark  over  Sweden  under 
Christian  V,  whose  name  is  indicated  by  the 
"C"  mentioned.  The  year  1808  was  notable 
because  Denmark,  aroused  by  "the  perfidy    (<i 


40 


r 


Albion,"  declared  and  made  war  upon  Great 
Britain,  and  gained  some  very  brilliant  naval 
advantages  over  her  formidable  enemy. 

Mr.  Jacob  Riis  informs  us  that  these 
crosses  were  granted  by  the  Danish  crown 
only  to  persons  who  had  performed  some 
notable  deed  of  heroism,  that  upon  the  death 
of  the  recipient  they  must  be  returned  to  the 
donor  and  that  on  no  account  were  they  to 
remain  in  the  family  of  the  recipient.  Mr. 
Jacob  Riis  himself  is  the  possessor  of  one  of 
these  highly  prized  crosses,  only  a  very  few 
of  which  are  conferred  during  the  reign  of 
each  sovereign. 

21.  Byzantine  cross  of  Japanese  cloisenne 
An  artistic  and  beautiful  pectoral. 

22.  A  Maltese  "aureole"  cross  of  bog-wood 
from  Ireland.  Shamrocks  in  relief  and  in  gilt 
miniature. 

23.  Elks'  badge  of  Grand  Reunion,  1909, 
with  the  Glenwood  cross  and  bell  house  mark. 

24.  Silver  Lorraine  cross  made  of  ham 
mered  coins  by  the  Navajo  Indians;  very 
likely  one  of  their  so-called  "rain  crosses." 

25.  Byzantine  amethyst  Latin  cross.  On 
either  side  is  superimposed  a  cross  with 
amethyst   terminals. 

26.  Silver  miniature  fac-simile  of  ancient 
Celtic  cross.  On  the  obverse  a  Lorraine  or 
Cardinal's  cross,  and  on  the  reverse  side  an 
ordinary  Latin  cross. 

(«    ^     <4     <« 

"Each  of  our  crosses  has  its  inscription. 
"Every    house    has    its   cross. 
"Everyone  thinks  his  own  the  heaviest  cross. 
"Crosses  are  ladders  by  which  we  may  climu 
to   heaven." 

— Old    German    sayings. 

'^    ^    ^    ^ 

27.  Badge  and  cross  of  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States,  an 
association  of  officers  and  honorably  dis- 
charged officers  of  the  army,  navy,  marine 
corps,  and  volunteers,  organized  to  perpet- 
uate the  memories  and  afford  relief  to  those 
who  served  in  the  suppression  of  the  rebel 
lion  of  1861-1865.  Organized  in  Philadelphia 
on  April  15,  1865,  after  hearing  of  Lincoln'.-: 
assassination,  the  day  before.  The  eldest 
male  lineal  descendants,  or  male  heirs  in  col 
lateral  branches  are  also  eligible  to  member- 
ship The  insignia  of  the  order  is  a  badge 
pendent  by  a  link  and  a  ring  of  gold  from  a 
tri-colored  ribbon.  The  badge  is  a  Maltese 
cross  of  eight  points,  gold  and  enamel,  with 
rays  forming  a  star.  In  the  center  on  the 
obverse  side  is  a  circle  with  the  national 
eagle  displayed,  and  around  it  the  motto,  "Lex 
regit,  arma  tuentur"  (law  rules,  arms  guard). 
On     the     reverse     side     are     crossed     satires 


41 


■^ 


surmounted  by  a  fasces,  on  which  is 
the  Phrygian  cap;  around  it  an  arch  of  thir- 
teen stars  and  a  wreath  of  laurel;  in  the  cir 
cle  about  it  the  legend,  "M.  O.  Loyal  Legion 
U.  S.,  MDCCCLXV."  The  gold  link  on  this 
badge  bears  the  number  11820.  The  eight 
points  of  a  Maltese  cross  signify  the  eight 
beautitudes.  This  cross  descended  to  Frank 
A.  Miller  from  his  father,  Captain  C  .C. 
Miller  of  Company  I,  Forty-ninth  Wisconsin 
Infantry. 

28.  Gypsum  stone  cross  from  the  "Garden 
of  the   Gods." 

29.  Bronze  cross  from  the  church  of  S 
Maria-degli-Angeli  (Saint  Mary  of  the  An 
gels),  at  the  Porzioncula,  Perugia,  built  over 
the  cell  of  St.   Francis. 

Mrs.  Jameson,  in  her  "Legends  of  the 
Monastic  Orders,"  has  the  following  inter- 
esting note: 

"The  term  Portiuncula,  which  occurs  so 
perpetually  in  reference  to  the  pictures  of  St. 
Francis,  is,  I  believe,  sometimes  misunder- 
stood. It  means  literally,  'a  small  portion, 
share,  or  allotment.'  The  name  was  given  to 
a  slip  of  land,  of  a  few  acres  in  extent,  at  tho 
foot  of  the  hill  of  Assisi,  and  on  which  stood 
a  little  chapel.  Both  belonged  to  a  commun- 
ity of  Benedictines,  who  afterward  bestowed 
the  land  and  the  chapel  on  the  brotherhood 
of  St.  Francis.  This  chapel  was  then  famil- 
iarly known  as  the  'Capella  della  Porzion- 
cula.' Whether  the  title  by  which  it  has 
since  become  famous  as  the  S.  Maria-deg'.i- 
Angeli,  belonged  to  it  originally,  or  because 
the  angels  were  heard  singing  around  and 
above  it  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, does  not  seem  clear.  At  all  events,  this 
chapel  became  early  sanctified  as  the  scene  of 
the  ecstasies  and  visions  of  the  saint;  here 
also  St.  Clara  made  her  profession;  particu- 
lar indulgencies  were  granted  to  those  who 
visited  it  for  confession  and  repentance  oii 
the  fifth  of  August,  and  it  became  a  cele- 
brated place  of  pilgrimage  in  the  fourteentli 
century.  Mr.  Ford  tells  us  that  in  Spain  the 
term  'Porzioncula'  is  applied  generally  to  dis- 
tinguish the  chapel  or  sanctuary  dedicated  to 
St.  Francis  within  the  Franciscan  churches. 

"The    original    chapel    of    the    Porzioncula 

now  stands  in  the  center  of  the  magnificent 
church  which  has  been  erected  over  it.  The 
church  and  chapel  were  both  much  injured 
by  an  earthquake  in  1832,  but  the  chapel  was 
restored  from  the  old  materials,  and  the  ex- 
terior is  adorned  with  frescoes  by  Overbeck. 
It  is  a  small  building — might  contain  perhaps 
— thirty  people;  but  I  did  no*^  take  the  meas- 
urement; it  looks  small  under  the  lofty  dom^; 
of  the  edifice  which  now  encloses  it,  and 
also  the  'narrow  cell'  near  it,  called  the 
'Stanza  di  S.  Francesco.' " 

This  is  a  Latin  "aureole"  cross.  On  the 
left    upper    and    right    limbs,    on    the    obver.se 


42 


side,  are  rosebuds  that  symbolize  the  follow- 
ing legend:  "St.  Francis,  shivering  in  his  cell 
in  the  depths  of  winter,  a  demon  whispers  to 
him  suggestions  of  ease  and  luxury;  he  repels 
the  temptation  by  going  out  and  rolling  him 
self  in  the  snow  on  a  heap  of  thorns;  from 
the  thorns  sprinkled  with  his  blood  spring 
roses  of  Paradise,  which  he  offers  up  to 
Christ  and  the  Madonna."  On  the  lower 
limb  is  St.  Francis.  Within  the  circle  is  the 
legend  in  Latin:  "Porzioncula  Head  and 
Mother  of  the  Minorites." 

On  the  reverse  side,  under  the  title  "I.  H. 
S.,"  is  seen  the  insignia  of  the  Franciscans,  a 
small  standing  cross  and  the  crossed  arms, 
showing  the  "stigmata"  in  the  hands.  On  the 
upper  arc  of  the  circle  are  the  words  in 
Latin:  "The  blessing  of  Holy  Father  Francis. ' 
On  the  arms  and  lower  limb  the  inscription: 
"The  Lord  bless  thee  and  keep  thee:  the 
Lord  make  his  face  shine  upon  thee  and  be 
gracious  unto  thee:  the  Lord  lift  up  his 
countenance  upon  thee,  and  give  thee  peace. 
Shedding  tears  of  gladness,  O!  he  dedicates 
thee  (to  God)."  In  the  center  of  the  ob- 
verse side  is  a  representation  of  the  famous 
chapel.  Given  to  Mr.  Miller  by  the  pries* 
there. 

<i4     ^     ^     ^ 

* 

"When  Jesus  hung  upon  the  cross 
"The  birds,  'tis  said,  bewailed  the  loss 
Of  Him  who  first  to  mortals  taught, 
Guiding  with  love  the  life  of  all. 
And  heeding  e'en  the  sparrow's  fall. 
But,  as  old  Swedish  legends  say. 
Of  all  the  birds  upon  that  day, 
The  swallow  felt  the  deepest  grief. 
And  longed  to  give  her  Lord  relief, 
And  chirped,  when  any  near  would  come 
'Hugswala  swala  swal  honom!' 
Meaning,  as  they  who  tell  it  deem. 
Oh,  cool,  oh,  cool  and  comfort  Him." 

V    ^    <«    «« 

30.  Bronze  medal  of  St.  Francis  from  same 
place  as  29.  On  the  obverse  side  St.  Francis 
standing  at  the  door  of  his  chapel,  a  rose- 
bush on  either  hand.  Around  the  border  is 
the   inscription,   "S.    Francis   Assisiensis"    (St. 


43 


Francis  of  Assisi).  On  the  reverse  side  are 
the  figures  of  St.  Clara  and  St.  Agnes.  Over 
them  is  the  inscription  in  Italian  "Sorelle 
Vergini"  (Virgin  Sisters).  St.  Clara  holds 
the  symbolical  Host,  and  St.  Agnes  the  Child. 
Underneath  is  the  word  "Assisi."  Brought 
by   Mr.    Miller  from   Assisi. 

31.  A  Jerusalem  cross.  On  the  obvers-: 
side  are  the  w^ords  "God  w^ills  it,"  the  Eng- 
lish of  the  "Deus  vult"  of  the  people  when 
Peter  the  Hermit  was  preaching  the  first 
Crusade.  Above  is  the  usual  title,  "I  H  S." 
On  the  reverse  side  is  the  word  "Jerusalem," 
under  a  shining  star.  The  small  red  crosse-5 
typify  the  red  crosses  worn  on  the  robes  and 
shields  of  the  crusading  knights  and  pilgrim.?. 
The  five  crosses  typify  the  five  wounds  of 
Christ. 

32.  Latin  pectoral  cross  of  nuggets  of 
Alaskan  gold. 

33.  Old  steel,  japanned  cross,  pectoral. 
Latin,  bearing  dove,  symbolical  of  Holy 
Spirit.    From   England. 

34.  Tortoise  shell  cross,  potent,  with  gold 
stars,    inlaid,   forming   a  brooch.      From    Lon 
don. 

35.  Same  as  29.     q.  v. 

36.  Old  pectoral  Latin  cross  made  of  coin 
silver   by   American    Indians   in   Arizona. 

37.  Maltese  Knights  Templar  cross,  made 
of  free-gold  quartz.  On  the  reverse  side  is 
the  monogriim,  "F.  A.  M." 

38.  English  pectoral  Maltese  tortoise-shell 
cross,  inlaid  with  gold  netting. 

39.  Latin  Italian,  reliquary,  pectoral  cross. 
.A  cherub  cm  either  siae  of  the  lower  lim.b. 
On  the  reverse  side  a  rude  representation  of 
the  crucifixion.  From  about  the  middle  of 
the   eighteenth   century. 

40.  Old  hog-wood  aureole  cross  from  Ire- 
land. On  the  observe  side,  on  the  four  limbi. 
shamrocks  carved  in  relief;  in  the  center  che 
harp  of  Brian  Boru.  On  the  reverse  side, 
conventional  cross-shaped  ornamentation. 

4L  Old  Irish  metal  cross  with  trefoil 
terminations.  On  obverse  side,  inside  a 
circle,  a  trefoil  cross  with  shamrock  leaves 
about  which  is  the  legend:  "Crux  in  Corde 
Cor  in  Cruce"  (The  Cross  in  the  Heart;  the 
Heart  en  the  Cross). 

42.  Irish  iron  cross,  Maltese,  with  trefoil 
terminals,  springing  from  a  square  ciborium 
terminating  in  crude  representation  of  a 
death's  head  on  either  side.  On  obverse  side 
of  shaft  is  a  rudely  inscribed  date  that  seems 
to  be  "MDXL"  (1540),  and  on  the  reverse 
side  some  rude,  indistinct  letters  seem  to 
form  the  word  "Flyn."  This  interesting  cross 
was  given  to  Mr.  J.  R.  Blaine  (the  grand- 
father of  Miss  Lena  Nelson),  by  a  relative 
who  went  as  a  newspaper  correspondent  with 
the    punitive    English    military    expedition    to 


44 


Abyssinia  vnder  Sir  Robert  Napier,  1867-8. 
The  corres])ondent  secured  it  from  a  Jesuit 
priest  whom  he  met  in  Abyssinia. 

43.  Latin  ivory  pectoral  cross  from  Scot- 
land. 

««    <«    V    <« 

"In  those  holy  fields, 
Over  whose  acres  walked   those  blessed   feet 
Which,    fourteen    hundred    years    ago,    were 

nailed 
For  our  advantage  on  the  bitter  cross." 

^    (^    ^    ^ 

44.  Very  old  Latin,  ivory,  pectoral  cross 
from  England. 

45.  Metal  Irish  cross.     Same  as  41  q.  v. 

46.  Srnall,  silver,  Latin  pectoral  cross,  made 
by  American  Indians.  Native  tourquoise  set 
ting. 

47.  Pectoral  cross  potent  of  tortoise  shell 
inlaid  with  gold  tracery  work  ending  in  fol- 
iated terminals.     From  England. 

48.  Bronze  medal  of  St.  Francis.  Same  as 
No.  30  q.  V. 

49.  Irish  metal  cross.     Same  as  41  q.  v. 

50.  Spanish  pectoral  reliquary  cross  of  sil 
ver.     Same  as  14  q.  v. 

51.  Miniature  Byzantine  cross  in  fac-simile. 
On  observe  side  small  cardinal's  cross  with 
spear  on  one  side  and  reed  and  hyssop  on 
the  other. 

52.  Silver  Latin  cross  made  by  American 
Indians. 

53.  Bronze  Maltese,  worn  as  a  pendanr. 
From  England.     Eighteenth  century. 

^    ^     '^    ^ 

"There  are  no  crown-wearers  in  heaven 
Who  were  not  cross-bearers  here  below." 

^    ^    ^    ^ 

54.  Iron  Latin  cross  frotn  England.  The 
triangle   represents   the   Trinity. 


45 


55.  Black,  composition,  Latin,  aureole  cross 
with  conventional  star-shaped  leaf  ornament 
o;i  either  side.  More  than  sixty  years  old. 
Gift  of  Mrs.  Theodore  Nelson. 

56.  Large  antique,  gold-plated  processional 
cross  botone  from  Lucerne.  Covered  with 
ornamental  floreated  designs.  In  center  of 
obverse  side  the  crowned  Virgin  with  sceptre 
holding  the  Child,  in  whose  hand  is  the 
world-orb,  surmounted  by  a  cross.  The  spike 
in  the  bottom  was  to  be  thrust  into  a  socket 
in  the  head  of  the  processional  staff.  Over 
one  hundred  years  old. 

57.  Wooden   cross   botone   made   in    Ober 
ammergau  by  the  man  who  took  the  part  of 
Joseph    of    Arimathea    there    in    1910.      Hand- 
sawed  work.     Gift  of  Miss  Rose  Hardenburg. 

58.  An  ancient  Latin  mahogany  cross  from 
Mexico,  with  decorative  scroll  work,  made  by 
descendants   of  the   Aztecs. 

59.  Old  wooden  Latin  crucifix  from  Spain. 
Christ,  rays  of  light  and  Memento  mori  in 
mother-of-pearl. 

60.  Antique  brass  and  wood  Spanish  cruci- 
fix with  title. 

61.  Brass  crucifix  on  pedestal,  surmounted 
by  title.  From  Spain.  Latin  cross  with  flor- 
eated  terminals.  Under  feet  of  Christ  the 
symbols  of  mortality.     Antique. 

62.  Bronze  benitier,  surmounted  by  Latin 
cross  bearing  cherub. 

63.  Large  olive-wood,  Latin  crucifix  from 
Jerusalem.  Inlaid  with  mother-of-pearl.  On 
obverse  side  in  mother-of-pearl  are  indicated 
the  fourteen  stations  of  the  cross,  the  insignia 
of  the  Franciscans,  the  chalice,  and  an  "M  S" 

(Jesus  Saviour  of  the  World).  On  the  revers^i 
side  is  the  word  "Jerusalem."  A  present  tj 
Mr.  Miller  from  the  Bishop  of  Jerusalem. 

64.  Two  iron,  Latin,  English  crosses  with 
the  symbol  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 

"Not    she    with    traitorous    kiss    her    Saviour 
stung. 
Not  she  denied  Him  with  unholy  tongue; 
She,    while    apostles    shrank,    could    danger 

brave, 
Last  at  his  cross,  and  earliest  at  his  grave." 

— Woman. 
^    ^    ^    ^ 

65.  Antique  bronze  Spanish  crucifix.  Typi- 
cal, emaciated  Christ  of  Spanish  countries. 
Conventional  ornamentation   on   either  side. 

66.  Old  ebony  Latin  cross  from  England. 
On  either  side  is  outlined  a  small  Latin 
cross  in  ivory.     Ivory  support  at  top. 

67.  A  Russian  pear-wood  "Ikon  Cross"  of 
Greek  form  with  triptych  on  either  side  of 
paneled,    Byzantine    chip   carving.      On    either 


46 


side  an  ornamental  border  of  small  Greek 
crosses.  A  very  interesting  and  exquisitely 
artistic  piece  of  work.  Evidently  the  lower 
part  only  of  a  processional,  miracle  working 
Icon,  the  upper  part  having  been  sawed  off  by 
some  vandal.  The  five  panels  on  either  side 
contain  Biblical  scenes,  and  inscriptions  in 
Russian  characters.  Originally  there  were 
three  of  these  inscriptions  on  each  side,  but 
the  upper  ones  have  been  removed  by  the 
mutilation  mentioned.  Such  crosses  were 
used  in  the  ancient  custom  of  the  "Blessing 
of  the  Neva."  Many  of  the  figures  depicted 
in  the  panels  bear  a  strange  resemblance  to 
North  American  Indians.  Belongs  to  about 
the  year  1660  and  is  from  the  famous  collec- 
tion of  the  Rev.  J.  Sparrow  Simpson  of  Eng 
land.  The  letters  on  the  outer  edges  of  the 
cross  were  evidently  cut  by  some  bungler,  at 
a  later  date. 

68.  Two  green  marble,  Latin,  Calvary 
crosses  from  Ireland.  The  Cross  of  Passion, 
when  erected  upon  three  steps,  is  known  as 
the  Cross  of  Calvary.  The  steps  allude  to 
the  three  Christian  virtues,  Faith,  Hope  and 
Charity. 

69.  Four  black,  bog-wood,  carved,  aureole 
crosses  from  Ireland.  One  of  them  with  the 
word  "Erin."  All  on  pedestals.  These  are 
copies  in  miniature  of  ancient  Irish  crosses. 

<«    («    ^    «« 

"In  the  Cross  of  Christ  I  glory. 
Towering  o'er  the  wrecks  of  time; 
All   the   light   of  sacred   story 
Gathers  round  its  head  sublime." 

^     <i4     ^     ^ 

70.  Large,  bronze,  processional,  Latin 
cross.  Processional  crosses  were  carried  to 
meet  bishops,  emperors,  kings  and  other 
distinguished  persons;  also  in  litanies  from  .1 
very  early  period. 

This  is  a  Spanish,  sword-hilt  cross  of  the 
Order  of  S.  lago,  or  St.  James  of  Compos - 
tella,  as  is  indicated  by  the  cockle-shells 
which  ornament  both  sides  of  the  cross.  St. 
James  has  been  the  military  patron  saint  of 
Spain  since  the  ninth  century.     The  terminals 


47 


of  the  arms  and  limbs  make  this  what  is 
known  in  heraldry  as  a  "Cross  Fleury" — the 
flower  in  full  bloom,  implying  that  the  bearer 
was  a  matured  soldier  of  the  Cross.  On  ob- 
verse side  are  the  Virgin  and  Child  in  bronze 
relief  work.  There  are  evidences  still  re- 
maining to  show  that  the  whole  cross  was 
once  elaborately  gilded.  From  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth   century.      (Garden   of   Bells.) 

71.  Spanish,  brass,  Latin,  processional 
cross,  with  conventional  ornamentation.  The 
eight-petaled  flower  in  the  center  on  either 
side  represents  the  eight  beatitudes.  Early 
part  of  eighteenth  century.    (Garden  of  Bells.) 

72.  Mortuary  memorial  cross  from  Lucern>j 
with  inscription  in  German,  and  date  1832 
(Garden  of  the  Bells.) 

««    <;«    w«    ^ 

"Bearing  His  cross,  while  Christ  passed  forth 
forlorn, 
Ais    God-like    forehead    by   the    mock    crown 

torn, 
A  little  bird  took  from  that  crown  one  thorn, 
To    soothe    the    dear    Redeemer's    throbbing 

head. 
The  bird  did  what  she  could;  His  blood,  'tis 

said, 
Down  dropping,  dyed  her  tender  bosom  red."' 
— A  Breton   Legend. 

73.  Modern  wooden  Latin  cross  with  fig 
ure  representing  St.  Kummniss,  a  holy,  bearded 
woman  (heiliger  berdiger),  much  honored  in 
the  Austrian  Tyrol,  and  also  in  Bamberg, 
Germany,  where  she  is  called  "Gottlicker 
Hilfe."      One    hundred   years    old. 

74.  Ornamental  iron  Latin  crucifix  with 
small  gilt  crucified  Christ.  From  Rouen 
(France),  famous  for  its  wonderful  Gothic 
churches.      Modern. 

75.  Bronze  cruciform  Christ.  Gothic 
style.  A  rather  unusual  feature  is  the  kingly 
crown  instead  of  the  crown  of  thorns.  In- 
tended for  a  crucifix.  From  Chartres 
(France),  whose  cathedral  is  said  to  be  the 
most  beautiful  structure  produced  in  the 
Middle  Ages.     Seventeenth  century. 

76.  Cross  made  of  brilliants,  forming  a 
French  Masonic  emblem.  A  pectoral  Latin 
cross  fleury  surmounted  by  royal  crown  set 
with  green  stones.  On  reverse  side  unde: 
glass  a  pelican  feeding  her  young  with  her 
own  blood  (symbolizing  the  love  of  Christ  for 
His  church);  on  observe  side  the  Rose  of 
Sharon  springing  up  about  the  cross.  Eight- 
eenth century.     From  France. 

■  77.  Silver  Lorraine  crucifix  with  figure  of 
Christ.  The  upper  arm  of  the  Lorraine  cross 
symbolizes  the  inscription  on  the  cross  of 
Calvary,  over  head  of  Christ.  The  two  arms 
also  typify  the  part  taken  by  the  Jews  and 
Christians    in    the    redemption    of    the    world. 


48 


On  obverse  side  figure  of  Mary  and  inscrip- 
tion in  Italian,  "To  Immaculate  Queen 
Mary."     From   Florence,  Italy. 

78.  Silver  Latin  crucifix  fleury,  with  Christ 
on  obverse  and  Mary  and  Child  on  reverse 
side.  (Fleury  crosses  are  those  with  ter- 
minations like  full-blown  flowers.)  Over  head 
of  Christ,  scroll  and  inscription.  From  Am- 
boise,  France.  The  edict  of  Amboise  in  1563 
granted  toleration  to  the  Hugenots. 

79.  Ancient  wooden  Latin  cross  with  a 
cardinal's  cross  carved  in  relief.  On  one 
side  is  the  spear  and  on  the  other  the  leed 
and  hyssop.  Various  abbreviated  words  in 
ancient  uncial  Greek  referring  to  the  titles 
of  Christ.  At  foot  of  cross  in  depression  is 
carved  a  skull,  the  symbol  of  Christ's  victory 
over  death  and  the  grave.  About  three  hun 
dred  and  fifty  years  old.  From  Joppa,  in 
Syria. 

80.  Jerusalem  cross  of  red  enamel  and 
gold.  A  Jerusalem  cross  really  consists  ot 
one  larger  and  four  smaller  crosses,  repre 
sented  the  five  wounds  of  Christ.  The  red 
indicates  the  love  of  man  to  God;  the  blue 
symbolizes  divine  truth  and  eternity;  and 
tne  golden  fleur-de-lis  indicates  the  Trinity. 
Inscription:  "Provencan  e  Catouli  mosto  fe 
na  pas  fali."     From  Leghorn. 

81.  Pilgrim's  cross  of  cloth  of  cardinal 
red  with  background  of  white.  Bears  a  metal 
medallion  with  figure  of  Madonna  and  Child 
and  inscription  in  French,  "Our  Lady  of 
Health,  pray  for  us."  Worn  by  pilgrims  who 
come  to  be  cured  of  ailments  by  our  Lady  of 
Lourdes  in  Southern  France. 

82.  Pilgrim's  badge  of  yellow,  red  and 
black  (the  Virgin's  colors),  with  cross  fleury 
pendant.  On  one  side  the  cross  the  Madonna 
and  on  the  other  in  French,  "Our  Lady  of 
Lourdes." 

83.  Pilgrim's  badge  of  shield  shape  in  the 
Virgin's  colors  with  the  letters  N.  D.  L. 
"Our  Lady  of  Lourdes." 

84.  A  metal  pendant  with  bell-shaped  or- 
naments and  in  relief  the  figure  of  John  the 
Baptist.     From  Pau,   France. 


49 


85.  Wooden  cardinal's  cross  fleury  reliq- 
uary. The  small  receptacles  were  for  frag- 
ments of  bones  of  the  blessed  saints,  some  of 
which  may  still  be  seen.  About  two  hun- 
dred years  old.     From  Nimes,  France. 

86.  Ancient  Latin  crucifix  fleury  inlaid 
with  mother-of-pearl.  Carved  in  relief  is  the 
crucified  Christ,  the  four  Evangelists  with 
their  different  attributes  and  the  Mater  Do- 
lorosa and  memento  mori.  Eighteenth  cen- 
tury.    From  Avignon,  France. 

87.  A  Latin  reliquary  cross  of  beautifully 
carved  ebony.  This  once  contained  many 
fragments  of  the  bones  of  the  blessed  saints, 
and  many  of  the  precious  relics  still  remain 
in  their  respective  cavities.  These  crosses 
were  of  great  repute  among  the  sick  and 
through  them  were  wrought  many  miraculous 
cures.  About  three  hundred  years  old.  From 
Carcassonne,  France,  a  part  of  which,  the 
lower  town,  was  founded  by  King  Louis  the 
Ninth    (St.   Louis)   in   1247. 

88.  Ancient  copper  Latin  cross  fleury. 
Quite  artistically  engraved.  In  center  panel 
Christ  holding  in  one  hand  the  bread  of  life 
and  with  the  other  giving  the  episcopal  bless- 
ing. At  the  extremities  the  eagle,  ox,  angel 
and  lion,  symbols  of  S.  S.  John,  Luke,  Matthew 
and  Mark.  On  obverse  side  artistic  floreated 
patterns,  and  in  center  Maltese  cross,  the 
eight  points  of  which  represent  the  eight 
beatitudes.  Three  hundred  years  old.  From 
the  great  Convent  of  La  Merced,  Mexico 
City. 

89.  Ancient  brass  Latin  cross  botone,  with 
fleur-de-lis  (or  lily  flower)  ornamentation  on 
the  limbs.  Eighteenth  century.  From  old 
altar.  The  fleur-de-lis  has  been  connected 
with  the  heraldry  of  France  since  1147.  In 
1546  Pope  Paul  III  established  the  Order  of 
the  Lily,  whose  members  were  pledged  to  de- 
fend the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter  against  the 
heretics.  The  fleur-de-lis  symbolizes  the 
Trinity.  From  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity 
in    Paris. 

90.  Silver  cardinal's  cross  fleury  with  spike 
base.  Ornamented  with  flowers  in  raised 
work.        Flying     cherubs      supporting      cross. 


50 


Latin    inscription    at    top.      Middle    of    eight- 
eenth century.     From  Oviedo,  Spain. 

91.  Masonic  emblem  of  silver  and  bril- 
liants. Crown,  compass  and  cross.  Pelican 
feeding  her  young.  About  seventy-five  years 
old.     Barcelona,  Spain. 

92.  Silver  pendant  in  form  of  escutcheon 
of  Austria-Hungary.  Double-headed  eagle 
wearing  crown  of  Austria  and  grasping  sword 
in  its  talons.  Worn  by  the  nobility  only. 
Nineteenth   century.      From   Budapesth. 

93.  Small     silver    crucifix    with     figure     of 
Madonna    on    obverse    side.      Eighteenth    cen 
tury.     Madrid. 

94.  Very  ornamental  wooden  cross  in  sil- 
ver frame,  with  rays  of  light  and  fleury  ter- 
minals. Insets  of  mother-of-pearl.  Eight- 
eenth century.     From  Malaga,  Spain. 

95.  Triangular-shaped  crystal  pendant  in 
silver  frame  for  episcopal  use.  Into  the  glass 
have  been  cut  and  gilded  a  small  triangle,  a 
cross,  "I.  H.  S."  and  the  nails  of  Calvary. 
Eighteenth  century.     From  Seville. 

96.  Ancient    triangular    ecclesiastical    pend 
ant    of    metal    and    enamel    containing    cross 
supported    by    monogram    I.     H.     S.       Eight- 
eenth   century.      From    Madrid. 

97.  Ancient  brass  and  enamel  pendant  con- 
taining monstrance,  the  base  of  which  forms 
part  of  the  monogram  I.  H.  S.  Eighteenth 
century.     From  Madrid. 

98.  Old  brass  altar  ornament  surmounted 
by  cross  and  containing  Virgin  as  Queen  of 
Heaven.     Seventeenth  century      From  Burgos. 

99.  Ancient  wooden  reliouarv  Calvary  cross 
inlaid  with  ivory.  Many  fragments  of  bones 
of  the  saints  can  still  be  seen  in  the  glass 
covered  openings.  Seventeenth  century.  From 
Cadiz. 

100.  Latin  reliquary  cross  of  ebony  with 
ornamental  setting  of  colored  crystal.  Con- 
tains saintly  relics.  Eighteenth  century.  From 
Granada. 

101.  Brass  cardinal's  cross  fleury  with  fly- 
ing cherubs  at  base.     Stands  on  pedestal.     A 


51 


very  interesting  reliquary  crucifix.  On  ob- 
verse side  in  raised  work  are  seen  mon- 
strance, celebrant  priest,  angels,  king,  candles, 
etc.  From  Caravaca,  Spain,  in  whose  coat- 
of-arms  this  cross  appears  and  concerning 
which  there  is  the  following  legend:  A  Moor- 
ish king  in  the  fifteenth  century  captured  a 
priest  near  Caravaca  and  ordered  him  to  say 
mass.  All  was  ready  except  the  cross,  for 
lack  of  which  the  priest  refused  to  proceed 
with  the  ceremony.  The  enraged  Moor  wouH 
have  slain  the  recalcitrant  priest  on  the  spot 
had  not  a  miracle  been  performed.  Suddenly 
two  angels  appeared  bearing  between  them  \i 
glittering  cross,  which  they  placed  upon  the 
altar.     Seventeenth  century. 

102.  Ancient  brass  Latin  cross  with  abbre- 
viated inscription  in  Latin:  "Holy  and  most 
mighty  God,  have  mercy  upon  us."  Eigh- 
teenth century.     From  Santander,  Spain. 

103.  Pendant  bronze  cardinal's  cross  cur- 
iously inscribed  with  various  letters.  These 
crosses  were  worn  by  the  higher  members  of 
the  Spanish  gypsies,  and  the  letters  have  ref- 
erence to  certain  words  used  in  the  strange 
gypsy  ceremonies.  About  one  hundred  years 
old.     From  Galicia,  Spain. 

104.  Olive-wood  Calvary  cross  fleury  on 
pedestal  of  three  steps  typifying  the  three 
Christian  graces — Faith,  Hope,  Charity.  On 
front  of  pedestal  the  insignia  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan Order.  On  back  is  written  in  Span- 
ish, "El  Bautista  (the  Baptist).  Date  1700. 
From  the  Convent  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception of  Santa  Clara  nuns  of  the  Fran 
ciscan  Order,  Toledo,  Spain. 

105.  Very  interesting  wooden  Latin  cross 
covered  with  carved  symbols  of  the  Passion 
and  Crucifixion,  such  as  nails,  pincers,  ham- 
mer, scourge,  lantern,  ladder,  cock,  spear, 
hyssop,  coat  and  sun  and  moon.  The  vari- 
ous Maltese  crosses  are  symbols  of  the  Orde' 
of  Mercy.  Date  about  1650.  From  the  great 
Convent  of  La  Merced,  Mexico  City. 

106.  Cardinal's  cross  of  steel  damascened 
with  gold  and  silver.  From  Toledo,  for  cen- 
turies famous  for  her  swords,  damascened 
wares,  and  other  metal  work. 

107.  Olive-wood  cross  with  carvings  in 
relief  showing  symbols  of  the  Passion  and 
Crucifixion.  Metal  image  of  Virgin  and  Child. 
About  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  old.  From 
convent  at  Avila,  Spain,  where  is  treasured  a 
portrait  of  Christ  done  in  a  vision  by  St. 
John  of  the  Cross. 

108.  Silver  Lorraine  or  cardinal's  cross 
fleury,  with  rays  streaming  from  center. 
Worn  on  the  breast.  Eighteenth  century. 
From  Cordova.  The  extra  bar  typifies  the 
higher  office  of  the  cardinal,  patriarch  or 
archbishop  entitled  to  wear  such  crosses. 
Also  used  in  the  coat-of-arms  of  Hungary,  as 
the  king  there  has  the  title  of  Apostolic,  and 


52 


also  in  the  coat-of-arms  of  St.  Benedict,  who 
was  the  founder,  patriarch  and  first  abbot  or 
the  great  Order  of  the  Benedictines. 

109.  Iron  Latin  cross  fieury  with  rays 
About  two  hundred  years  old.  From  the 
great  cathedral  at  Granada,  where  are  buried 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 

110.  Old  iron  Latin  cross  with  floreated 
terminals,  and  ornamental  Rose  of  Sharon  in 
center.  From  a  chapel  in  the  cathedral  of 
Seville,  where,  since  their  removal  from  Ha- 
vana in  1899,  have  reposed  the  bones  of 
Christopher  Columbus  (Cristobal  Colon). 
About  two  hundred  years  old. 

111.  Bronze  processional  cross  from  Es- 
corial,  Spain.  Famous  for  royal  monastery  of 
Saint  Lawrence,  built  by  Philip  II  in   1559. 

112.  Bronze  oendant  cardinal's  cross  from 
Caravaca,  Spain.  There  such  crosses  are 
worn  by  the  women  as  a  protection  against 
thunder-storms.  Their  thought  is  that  the 
rumbling  thunder  moves  and  opens  the  sides 
of  the  cross,  thus  allowing  the  evil  influences 
to  enter  the  cross  instead  of  harming  the 
wearer.     About  two  hundred   years   old. 

113.  Ancient  iron  altar  cross  fleury  from 
cathedral  of  the  "Virgin  of  the  Pillar"  at 
Zaragoza,  Spain.  According  to  the  legend  the 
Virgin,  standing  on  a  pillar,  appeared  to  St. 
James  when  he  was  making  a  missionary 
pilgrimage  through  Spain.  Eighteenth  cen- 
tury. 

114.  Ornamental  silver  pectoral  cardinal's 
cross.  Eighteenth  century.  From  Algericas, 
opposite   the   Rock   of   Gibraltar. 

115.  Silver  cross  star-rayed,  from  San  Se- 
bastian, Spain.     Fifty  years  old. 

116.  Silver  crucifix  set  with  ten  cut  crystal 
stones,  symbolizino^  the  ten  commandments. 
At  foot  of  cross  a  memento  mori  and  at  top 
monogram.  Initials  of  maker  stamped  in  the 
silver  at  the  foot.  A  pectoral  cross,  such  as 
are  worn  by  archbishops  at  the  great  func 
tions  of  the  church  in  Spain.  Four  hundred 
years  old.  From  the  ancient  Convent  of 
San  Leandro  at  Toledo. 


S3 


117.  Crystal  crucifix  with  terminals  and 
figures  of  hammered  gold.  The  two  Marys 
stand  on  either  side  of  the  cross.  Very  ar- 
tistic pedestal  of  crystal  with  borders  of 
fretted  gold.  Sixteenth  century.  From  the 
Convent  of  Los  Comendadores  de  Santiago,  a 
retreat  for  the  women  of  the  Spanish  nobility 
at  Seville,  Spain. 

118.  Metal  mould  for  the  manufacture  of 
crucifixes.      Seventeenth   century.      Granada. 

119.  Latin  cross  of  dark  wood  covered 
with  brass  figures.  Pedestal  with  niches  for 
receiving    relics    of    the    blessed    saints    and 


martyrs.  A  graveyard  Calvary  cross.  About 
three  hundred  and  fifty  years  old,  from  Gran- 
ada, famous  for  its  Alhambra. 

120.  Brass,  enameled  cross  on  base. 
Fleury  terminals.  In  center  monogram  L  H. 
S.     From  Cordoba. 

121.  Very  interesting  reliquary  cross  of 
chiseled  brass.  The  fleury  terminals  formed 
by  trios  of  cherubs'  heads.  Symbolic  objects 
of  the  Passion  and  Crucifixion,  including  the 
three  dice  used  by  the  soldiers  when  they 
"cast  lots."  Contains  a  relic  of  St.  Cyriacus, 
Pope  of  Rome,  who  accompanied  St.  Ursula 
and  her  11,000  virgins  from  Rome  to  Cologne, 
where  they  were  all  slain.  About  1750.  From 
Cologne,  France. 

122.  Brass  altar  cross  supported  by  two 
kneeling,  adoring  angels.  From  Convent  of 
EI  Carmen,  Seville.     Eighteenth  century. 

123.  Very  ancient  wooden  processional 
cross  covered  with  a  facing  of  richly  chased 
beaten  bronze  in  floreated  designs.  At  the 
four  extremities  are  the  heads  of  SS.  Peter 
and  Paul,  Quintin  and  Quirinus.  St.  Quintin 
was  the  son  of  Zeno,  the  Roman  philosopher, 
and  is  patron  of  San  Quentin,  California.  St. 
Quirinus  was  Bishop  of  Sissek  in  Croatia  and 
is  one  of  the  eight  guardian  saints  of  Aus- 
tria. In  the  center  a  very  artisti-  monogram 
of  the  I.  H.  S.  About  two  hundred  years 
old.  From  the  church  of  Santa  Marina,  Cor- 
doba. 

124.  Ancient  crucifix  of  nammcred  silver 
with    the    figure    of    Christ    arrayed    in    skirt 


54 


(Spanish  style).  On  reverse  side  the  Ma- 
donna and  Child,  both  crowned.  About  four 
hundred  years  old.  From  church  of  Santa 
Clara  del  Carmena,  near  Seville. 

125.  Pectoral  cross  of  cut  crystal  tipped 
with  gold.  Seventeenth  century.  From  Blois, 
France. 

126.  Brass  cardinal's  cross  with  Mary  as 
Queen  of  Heaven,  with  the  moon  under  her 
feet,  and  underneath  a  double  duck-headed 
serpent  with  barbed  tail.  Eighteenth  century. 
From  church  of  Santa  Maria  del  Mar,  Bar- 
celona, Spain. 

127.  Pectoral  cross  fleury  of  gold  with  blue 
enamel.  In  center  is  represented  the  famous 
image  of  the  "black  Madonna"  of  Montser- 
rat  (serrated  mountain,  where  the  Holy  Grail 
rested  for  a  time).  The  Convent  of  Mont- 
serrat  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  cele- 
brated in  Spain  and  was  founded  in  880.  The 
miraculous  image  of  the  Virgin  here  en 
shrined  was  carved  by  St.  Luke,  the  apostolic 
limner  of  the  Virgin,  and  brought  to  Spain 
by  St.  Peter.  The  monks  of  the  present  tim^ 
manage  a  school  of  ecclesiastical  music.  From 
Montserrat. 

128.  Small  silver  cross-shaped  pendant 
from  Montserrat,  Spain.  On  one  side,  image 
or  Madonna  and  on  obverse  side  "N.  S.  de 
Montserrat." 

129.  Brass    terminal    of    St.    Andrew,    with 
halo    and    bearing   an    Andrew's    cross.      Fifty 
years  old.     Patron  saint  of  San  Andres,  Cali- 
fo  nia.      From   church   of   San   Andres,   Vallo 
dolid. 

130.  Ancient  silver  crucifix  pendant.  A 
cross  fleury.  Seventeenth  century.  From 
Holland. 

131.  Maltese  cross  pendant  of  mother-of- 
pearl  surmounted  by  royal  crown.  Badge  of 
an  old  German  military  order,  as  indicated  bj' 
the  crossed  sabres,  cannon  balls,  and  the  let- 
ters G.  K.  S.,  which  stand  for  the  words, 
"Serve  God  and  the  King."  The  number  30 
within  the  circle  is  that  of  the  old  regiment. 
Eighteenth  century.     From  Munich. 


55 


132.  Small  silver  pendant  of  Our  Guard- 
ian Lddy  from  church  of  Notre  Dame  de  l.i 
Garde,  a  notable  center  for  pilgrims.  On  one 
side  a  figure  of  the  Madonna  and  on  the  re- 
verse the  monogram  of  her  name.  Cable  and 
anchor  decoration. 

133.  Wooden  reliquary  cross  on  pedestal. 
In  the  cavity  there  is  a  hollow  crystal  cross 
containing  two  very  small  splinters  of  the 
True  Cross.  The  precious  relic  is  closed  and 
seaied  with  wax  and  silken  thread,  and  still 
bears  the  original  and  unbroken  episcopal 
sigillum.  It  is  said  that  Louis  the  Ninth  of 
France  (St.  Louis)  received  a  large  portion 
of  the  True  Cross  from  Constantinople  in  the 
thirteenth  century  and  put  it,  with  the  orig- 
inal crown  of  thorns,  in  the  beautiful  Saintc; 
Chapelle,  in  Paris,  which  he  caused  to  be 
built  for  its  reception.  Eighteenth  century. 
From  the  Church  of  the  Redeemer,  Mar 
seilles. 

134.  Reliquary  crucifix  of  apple-wood  beau- 
tifully carved.  On  front  are  figures  of  Father 
and  dove  over  the  Son,  the  Father  giving  the 
eoiscopal  blessing.  Beneath  is  the  Mater 
Dolorosa,  with  sworil  piercing  her  heart.  The 
reverse  side  has  sliding  panels  covered  with 
carved  emblems  of  the  Passion  and  Crucifix 
ion.  In  the  reliquary  cavity  a  small  fragment 
of  one  of  the  thorns  from  Calvary.  Nine 
teenth  century.  From  the  Engedine,  Switzer- 
land. 

135.  Hollow  silver  gilt  cross  with  mono- 
gram and  other  decorative  designs.  Used  ns 
a  receptacle  in  which  to  carry  the  sacred  oil 
and  consecrated  wafer  to  those  who  were  to 
receive  extreme  unction  in  articulo  mortis. 
On  inside  of  cover  the  words  "Josef  Antoni 
Baumgartner,  Arbou,  1815."  Donated  by  him 
to  the  church  at  Arbou,  Switzerland. 

136.  A  St.  Hubert's  cross  of  metal  to  be 
worn  as  a  pendant.  Small  crucifix  upright 
between  stag's  horns.  The  legends  say  that 
St.  Hubert  (who  is  a  very  popular  German 
saint)  was  renowned  as  a  hunter,  and  was 
converted  to  Christianity  by  one  day  meeting 
in  the  forest  a  milk-white  stag  with  a  cruci- 
fix between  his  horns.  Bread  blessed  at  a 
shrine  of  St.  Hubert  is  a  cure  for  hydro- 
phobia.    From  Munich. 


56 


137.  Small  pendant  silver-gilt  crucifix  with 
cross  potent  or  crutch  cross.  The  termin- 
als bear  the  symbols  of  the  four  evangelists, 
viz.:  the  eagle  of  St.  John,  the  evangelist;  the 
lion  of  St.  Mark;  the  ox  of  St.  Luke,  and  the 
angel  of  St.  Matthew.  From  Lucerne,  Switz- 
erland. 

138.  Latin  pendant  of  enamel  with  figure 
ol  Christ,  and  tri-foliate  ornaments  at  ends 
of  cross  piece.     From  Limoges,   France. 

139.  Nickel-bound  crucifix  of  wood,  used 
as  pendant.  The  figure  of  Christ  has  the  sup 
pedaneum  or  support  beneath  the  feet.  On 
the  obverse  side  the  monogram  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Lourdes.  From  Lourdes,  in  South 
ern  France,  a  noted  place  of  pilgrimages  for 
sick  people.  The  shrine  is  in  a  rock  grotttj 
by  the  river  and  contains  a  statue  of  the  Vir- 
gin dressed  as  she  appeared  to  BernadettJ 
Soubirous  in   1858. 

140.  Pendant  Maltese  cross  of  wine-col- 
ored crystal,  from  Nuremberg.  The  five  sec 
tions  typify  the  five  bloody  wounds  of  the 
Saviour.     One  hundred  years  old. 

141.  Brass  pendant  Greek  cross  with  laurel 
wreath  and  inscription  in  modern  Greek.  A 
military  medal  of  merit.  About  fifty  years 
old.     From  Athens. 

142.  Bronze  Russian  ikon  cross  with  five 
panels  of  figures  on  either  side.  Although  of 
undoubted  Russian  origin,  this  cross  came 
from  Athens.  Was  formerly  a  i)rocessional 
cross  and  borne  on  a  standard,  but  the  pin 
for  the  socket  has  been  broken  off  from  the 
bottom.     Early  eighteenth  century. 

143.  Red  beads  from  Athens.  These  were 
formerly  used  as  rosaries,  but  are  now  carried 
in  the  hand  by  modern  Grecian  beaux  as  play- 
things. 

144.  Popular  style  of  ikon  of  Virgin  and 
Babe  as  used  by  the  Greek  church  in  Russia 
and  Greece.  Monograms  and  inscriptions  in 
Russian.  To  be  hung  on  the  wall  of  the 
house. 

145.  Very  ancient  brass  Russian  crucifix  of 
the  Greek  church.  The  upper  half  has  been 
broken  off.  Evidently  a  processional  ikon. 
Four  figures  in  raised  work  representinjf 
saints.  On  both  sides  are  inscriptions  in  Rus- 
sian, as  follows:  "The  crucifix  of  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ.  We  worship  thy  cross  O  Lord, 
and  we  hail  and  glorify  thy  holy  resurrection. 
The  strength  of  the  faithful.  The  cross  is  a 
glory  of  the  angels.  The  cross  is  that  which 
gives  the  deepest  wounds  to  the  demons." 
Early  eighteenth  century.  From  St.  Peter.s- 
burg. 

146.  Mohammedan  rosary  of  sandal  wood 
beads,  99  in  number.     Cairo,  Egypt. 

147.  Hindu  rosary  of  "rudrach"  beads. 
Commonly  worn  about  the  neck  by  the  de- 
vout Brahmins.     From  Jaipur,  India. 


57 


148.  Buddhist  rosary  of  coral,  amber,  tur- 
quoise and  other  beads.  Formerly  belonged 
to  the  lama  of  Thibet. 

149.  "Dorgee"  of  bronze.  Such  objects  are 
held  in  the  hands  of  the  Buddhist  priests 
when  they  are  exorcising  the  devil,  as  it  is 
believed  that  by  these  means  the  evil  spirit  is 
hypnotized.     From  Darjeeling,  India. 

150.  Small  Latin  cross  pendant.  On  one 
side,  figure  of  St.  Thomas  of  Aquinas  and 
inscription  in  Portuguese:  "St.  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas of  the  Order  of  Preachers."  On  obverse 
is  the  inscription:  "May  the  cross  be  my 
salvation;  the  cross  is  that  which  I  ever 
adore;  may  the  cross  be  my  refuge."  Found 
in  "Chinatown,"  Hong  Kong.  Used  in  Japan 
or  the  Philippines  by  early  Roman  Catholic 
missionaries. 

151.  Small  brass  Latin  cross,  just  the  same 
as  No.  150,  with  the  exception  that  the  in- 
scription is  in  Spanish. 

152.  Silver  bangle  representing  the  "Virgin 
of  the  Pillar,"  from  Zaragoza,  Spain.  Virgin 
may  be  seen  through  the  peep-hole  at  the 
bottom   of  the   figure. 

153.  Cross  of  gold  and  enamel  with  char- 
acteristic ornamentation  and  inscriptions  in 
Russian.     From  Moscow. 

154.  Japanese  rosary  of  fruit  pits  carved 
in  the  shape  of  temple  gongs.     From  Kyoto. 

155.  Japanese  rosary  of  nuts  carved  in  the 
shape  of  skulls.     From   Nara. 

156.  Buddhist  rosary  of  scented  bead'*. 
From  Kobe,  Japan. 

157.  Gilt  wood  Sawastika  cross  reversed, 
and 

158.  Gilt  wood  "Sanko,"  from  the  San- 
jusangen-do  Temple  (Kyoto)  of  Kwannon, 
Goddess  of  Mercy.  "Sanko"  is  the  Japanese 
equivalent  of  the  Indian  "dorgee,"  and  ?s 
used  by  the  priests  in  exorcising  evil  spirits. 
In  this  temple  there  are  one  thousand  life- 
sized  gilt  statues  of  Kwannon,  who  holds  in 
her  hand  many  different  symbols  of  Buddh- 
ism. The  temple  was  first  built  in  1132,  but 
being  destroyed  by  fire,  was  rebuilt  in  1249. 
The  significance  of  the  Sawastika  cross  has 
already  been  described  in  another  place.  (See 
No.    12.) 

159.  Bronze  "Tokko,"  used  by  Japanese 
Buddhist  priest  to  avert  evil. 

160.  Metal  staff  top  with  the  six  mystical 
rongs,  called  "Shakujo"  in  Japanese.  Used 
in  the  collection  of  food  and  money  by  trav- 
eling Buddhist  beggar  priests.  From  Miyano- 
shita. 

161.  Sacred  Buddhistic  symbol  of  lotus 
flower  and  eagle  claws,  typifying  purity  and 
strength  through  Buddha.  Bronze,  cross- 
shaped,  and  used  by  the  priests  in  driving  out 
the  devil.     From   Kyoto. 


58 


162.  A  "prayer  wheel"  (Mani),  from  Thi- 
bet. In  the  hollow  copper  receptacle  is  a 
paper  inscribed  with  prayers  to  Buddha,  the 
chief  one  being  "Urn  Mani  Padmi  Hun"  (I 
take  my  refuge  in  Buddha).  This  whirligig 
is  made  to  revolve  on  the  handle  by  means  of 
the  small  attached  ball  of  lead,  and  with 
every  revolution  a  prayer  is  made,  without 
any  mental  effort.  In  Thibet  some  of  the 
prayer  wheels  are  very  large  and  are  turned 
b"  wind  or  water  power,  and  pray  day  and 
night  for  the  worshiper,  no  matter  where  he 
may  be  or  in  what  business  engaged. 

163.  Rosary  of  mother-of-pearl  with  silver 
gilt  crucifix  in  filigree  work.  From  Madrid, 
Spain. 

164.  Altar  cross  of  ancient  silvered  bronze 
with  reliquary  containing  relic  of  "S.  Jean  de 
la  Croix"  (St.  John  of  the  Cross).  Relic  is 
protected  by  wax  that  bears  the  original  and 
unbroken  episcopal  sigillum.  St.  John  of  the 
Cross  was  a  holy  man  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury in  Spain  who  was  frequently  favored 
with  interviews  with  our  Saviour,  and  who, 
oil  one  of  these  occasions,  made  an  uncouth 
sketch  of  the  divine  apparition,  which  was 
long  preserved  as  a  relic  in  the  Convent  of 
Avila.  He  was  the  first  bare-footed  Car- 
melite, and  is  famous  for  his  terrible  austeri- 
ties and  penances.  He  was  the  ally  of  St. 
Teresa  in  all  her  reforms,  and  is  frequently 
represented  with  her.  From  Auvergne, 
France.  (See  watercolor  on  first  page  of 
Mexican  Mass  Book  in  Music  Room.) 

165.  Latin  cross  of  celluloid  ornamented 
with  painted  flowers  and  picture  of  St.  Anne 
and  the  Virgin  Mary.  Inscription  ifi  Eng- 
lish: "I  have  invoked  the  good  St.  Anne  of 
Beaupre  for  you."  From  the  famous  Shrine 
of  St.  Anne  de  Beaupre,  near  Quebec,  Can- 
ada. The  three  steps  that  form  the  pedestal 
typify  the  three  Christian  graces  of  Faith, 
Hope  and  Charity. 

166.  Chinese  Buddhist  priest's  prayer  ros- 
ary. Made  of  beads  of  pink,  yellow  and 
green.  The  priest  when  invoking  Buddha 
kneels  and  rubs  the  beads  of  the  rosary  in 
his  hand  in  order  to  attract  favorable  atten- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  Blessed  One.  The 
green  stones  are  jade,  and  are  greatly  es- 
teemed.     From   Pekin. 


59 


167.  A  Christian  cross  made  out  of  carved 
beads  that  formed  part  of  a  Buddhist  priest's 
rosary.     From  Pekin. 

168.  Greek  silver  pendant  cross  with  flor- 
eated  terminals.  Center  of  cross  surrounded 
by  monogram  of  Latin  words  "Rex,  Lex,  Pax, 
Lux";  King,  Law,  Peace,  Light.  At  center 
is  head  of  Christ,  with  cruciform  nimbus,  and 
on  reverse  the  Latin  words  Omnia  in  Christo, 
"All  things  in   Christ." 

169.  Weather-vane  cross  of  hand-forged 
work.  From  Brittainy.  One  hundred  years 
old.     (Garden  of  the  Bells.) 

170.  Delegate's  badge  to  46th  National  En- 
campment of  G.  A.  R.,  Los  Angeles,  Califor- 
nia. September  9-14,  1912.  Bronze  brooch 
with  raised  likeness  in  cartouche  of  Harvey 
M.  Trimble,  Commander-in-chief.  Old  gold 
colored  ribbon  of  silk  with  silver  letters  W. 
R.  C.  Pendant  of  silver  with  California  scen- 
ery and  grizzly  bear  in  relief  work. 

171.  Bronze  commemorative  badge  and 
medal,  of  46th  National  Encampment  of  G.  .A.. 
R.,  Los  Angeles,  Sept.  9-14,  1912.  On  brooch 
military  insignia.  On  gold  colored  ribbon  in 
silver  letters  "Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Staff."  On 
obverse  side  of  pendant  bronze  medal  the 
likeness  of  Harvey  M.  Trimble  in  relief.  On 
reverse  side  inscription:  "Commander-in- 
Chief's  staff  Comrades  46th  National  Encamp- 
ment G.  A.  R.  1912."  Underneath  American 
symbolical  eagle  and  laurel  and  olive  branches. 

172.  Badge  and  model  for  representative 
of  45th  National  Encampment  of  the  G.  A. 
R.  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1911.  Presented  to 
Frank  A.  Miller  by  John  R.  Gilman,  Past 
Commander-in-Chief,  and  Ephraim  B.  Still- 
ings.    Past    Adjutant-General    of    the    G.  A.  R. 

173.  Silver  cross  set  with  the  famous  Cin- 
galese moonstones.  From  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
The  Jesuit  missionaries  had  here  a  great  edu- 
cational center  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seven- 
teenth centuries. 

174.  Gold  enameled  Egyptian  "key  of  life" 
often  seen  in  the  hands  of  the  ancient  Nile 
gods.  One  of  the  oldest  and  most  universal 
forms  of  the  cross.  Conected  with  the  prim- 
itive worship  of  the  dual,  reciprocal  principles 


60 


in  nature,  twenty  centuries  before  the  word 
Christian  had  been  coined.  From  Cairo, 
Egypt. 

^    ^    ^    ^ 

Lying  on  the  bottom  of  the  Cross  cabinet 
is  a  very  beautiful,  large  and  interesting 
key  of  the  Eighteenth  century.  It  is  made 
of  pure  silver  and  is  richly  jeweled.  Sur- 
mounted   by   the    papal   insignia. 

This  was  the  official  key  of  the  camerlingo, 
or  apostolic  chamberlain,  the  official  in  the 
papal  household  at  Rome  who  was  the 
custodian  of  the  personal  jewels,  treasure  and 
vestments  of  the   supreme  pontiff. 

The  key  was  the  apostolic  chamberlain's 
badge  of  office,  and  was  carried  before  him 
on  a  velvet  cushion  on  state  occasions.  In 
the  British  museum  there  is  a  very  fine  and 
valuable  collection  of  such  heraldic  keys  of 
the  royal  chamberlains  of  the  Seventeenth 
and    Eighteenth    centuries. 

V    <«    <«    1^ 

Near  the  key  is  a  crown  of  solid  silver 
of  Sixteenth  century  work.  Formerly  on  the 
head  of  an  image  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  in  the 
Cathedral  of  the  Assumption  at  Jaen,  Spain. 

An  interesting  alms  basin  of  hammered  sil- 
ver is  seen  to  the  left  of  the  key  just  men- 
tioned. <«| 

From  old  Spanish  church.  Bears  the  fol- 
lowing inscription:  "This  belongs  to  our 
Lady  of  Pity;  it  was  made  in  the  year  1802; 
it  was  fashioned  anew  in  the  year  1840  for 
her  chapel."  Springing  from  the  center  is  an 
artistic  figure  of  the  Madonna. 


61 


Of  the  thousands  who  have  looked  with 
admiring  wonder  at  the  old  Franciscan  mis- 
sions of  California,  there  was  one  who  not 
only  felt  all  the  charm  of  romance  that  at- 
taches to  those  fast  disappearing  monuments 
of  Christian  zeal  and  heroism,  but  who  alsJ 
had  the  artist's  ability  to  stamp  his  impres- 
sions upon  canvas,  and  thus  preserve  for  fu- 
ture generations  the  features  of  the  old  mis- 
sions as  they  were  over  a  third  of  a  cen- 
tury ago. 

That  artist  friend  of  the  missions,  who  saw 
them  with  the  appreciative  eyes  of  love,  was 
HENRY  CHAPMAN  FORD,  and  it  is  his 
collection  of  original  studies  in  oil  of  the 
California  missions  that  forms  one  of  the 
choicest  art  treasures  of  the  Glenwood  Mis- 
sion Inn.  THenry  Chapman  Ford,  born  182S. 
died  1894,  the  celebrated  landscape  painter, 
who  resided  for  about  twenty  years  in  Santa 
Barbara.) 

This  series  of  exquisite  pictures  numbers 
thirty-eight,  and  comprises  all  of  the  original 
missions  except  San  Rafael.  These  are,  as 
Ford  himself  called  them,  "studies  in  oil," 
giving  accurate  representations  of  the  mis- 
sions as  they  appeared  at  the  time  they  were 
made. 

Included  in  this  number  are  several  asisten" 
cias  or  chapels,  among  them  being  the  so 
called  Pala  Mission,  belonging  to  San  Luis 
Rey;  San  Bernardino,  belonging  to  San  Gab- 
riel; San  Marcos,  a  chapel  of  Santn  Barbara; 
Santa  Margarita,  a  dependency  of  San  Luis 
Obispo;  and  the  Presidio  Church  at  Mon- 
terey. Some  of  the  original  missions  are 
represented  more  than  once;  San  Gabriel, 
twice,  one  being  the  copy  of  the  painting 
done  by  a  Mexican  artist  in  1828;  Santa  Bar- 
bara, six  times;  Purisima,  three  times,  one  of 
them  being  the  ruins  of  the  old  Purisima 
Mission;  San  Antonio  de  Padua,  twice;  San 
Carlos,  four  times;  and  San  Jose,  twice,  one 
being  a  representation  of  that  mission  as  it 
was  before  the  earthquake  of  October  21, 
1868. 

All  of  these,  with  three  exceptions,  bear  the 
date  of  the  year  in  which  they  were  painted, 
two  of  them,  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Cruz 
being  copies  of  old  paintings — the  San  Gab- 
riel of  the  painting  by  the  Mexican  artist  al- 
ready mentioned,  and  the  Santa  Cruz  of  a 
picture  painted  by  a  French  artist  in  1853. 

The  entire  series,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
was  painted  during  the  years  1880  and  1881. 
The  Dolores  Mission,  at  San  Francisco,  is 
represented  as  it  existed  in  1850,  and  that  of 
Santa  Clara  as  it  was  in  1851.  As  Mr.  Ford 
lived    for    a   number    of   years    at    Santa    Bar- 


62 


bara,  we  are  not  surprised  to  find  him  por- 
traying various  features  of  that  mission  at  dif- 
ferent times,  one  in  1875,  one  in  1878,  one  in 
1880,  one  in  1885,  and  one  undated.  Of  the 
three  views  of  La  Purisima,  two  of  the  New 
Purisima  were  painted  in  1878  and  one  of  the 
Old  Purisima  in  1881. 

This  set  of  paintings,  of  which  most  of  the 
canvases  measure  about  16x30  inches,  depicts 
the  missions,  with  a  few  exceptions,  as  they 
appeared  in  1880  and  1881,  the  years  in  which 
they  were  _painted,  and  are,  without  doubt, 
the  only  extensive  set  representing  them  as 
they  all  actually  appeared  within  such  a  lim- 
ited period  of  time. 

Their  historical  importance  therefore  is 
g^eat,  and  with  the  passing  of  time  will  con- 
stantly increase.  Of  this  collection  twenty- 
nine  were  for  twelve  years  on  exhibition  at 
the  Memorial  Museum  in  Golden  Gate  Park, 
San  Francisco.  In  speaking  of  these  paint- 
ings, Mr.  George  Barron,  curator  of  the 
Golden  Gate  Park  Museum,  stys:  "The  mis- 
sions are  cleverly  drawn  and  denote  a  great 
deal  of  skill  on  the  part  of  the  artist,  and 
while  on  exhibition  here  elicited  a  great  deal 
of  admiration." 

Until  the  new  SPANISH  COURT  is  com- 
pleted, these  wonderful  interpretations  of  a 
fast  vanishing  period  in  California's  history 
are  temporarily  on  exhibition  in  the  "Old 
Adobe." 

"The   saints!    ah,   have   they   grown 
Forgetful  of  their  own? 
Are  they  asleep  or  dead, 
That   open   to  the   sky 
Their  ruined  missions  lie 
No  longer  tenanted"? 


63 


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